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(unacceptable action)

Толкование Перевод

1 excess

excess

1 noun [ɪk'ses]

(a) (unreasonable amount) excès m;

∎ an excess of salt/fat in the diet un excès de sel/de graisses dans l'alimentation

(b) (difference between two amounts) supplément m, surplus m;

∎ an excess of supply over demand un excès de l'offre sur la demande;

∎ there has been an excess of expenditure over revenue les dépenses ont excédé les recettes

(c) (over-indulgence) excès m;

∎ a life of excess une vie d'excès

(d) (usu pl) (unacceptable action) excès m, abus m;

∎ the excesses of the occupying troops les excès ou abus commis par les soldats pendant l'occupation;

∎ he is famous for his excesses il est réputé pour ses excès

(e) British Insurance franchise f

2 adjective

['ekses] (extra) en trop, excédentaire;

∎ you're carrying a lot of excess weight tu as beaucoup de kilos en trop ou à perdre

3 in excess of preposition

(a stated percentage, weight) au-dessus de;

∎ she earns in excess of £25,000 a year elle gagne plus de 25 000 livres par an

4 to excess [ɪk'ses] adverb

∎ to carry sth to excess pousser qch trop loin;

∎ he does or carries it to excess il exagère, il dépasse les bornes;

∎ to eat/to drink to excess manger/boire à l'excès

►► excess baggage (UNCOUNT) (on plane) excédent m de bagages;

∎ I had 10 kilos of excess baggage j'avais 10 kilos d'excédent de bagages;

British excess fare supplément m de prix;

excess luggage (UNCOUNT) (on plane) excédent m de bagages;

Finance excess profits surplus m des bénéfices; (unexpected) bénéfices mpl exceptionnels, bénéfices mpl extraordinaires;

Finance excess profits tax impôt f sur les bénéfices exceptionnels;

Banking excess reserves réserves fpl excédentaires;

Stock Exchange excess shares actions fpl détenues en surnombre;

excess supply suroffre f

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > excess
2 rate

1. норма; ставка; тариф; расценка; цена; стоимость; оценка || исчислять; оценивать

2. степень

3. разряд; сорт; класс || классифицировать

4. темп, скорость, быстрота протекания какого-нибудь процесса

5. величина, расход

6. производительность, номинальные рабочие данные машины

7. отношение; пропорция

8. составлять смету

9. определять, измерять; устанавливать, подсчитывать; фиксировать ( значение величины)

field-wide rate of production — темп отбора по всей залежи

interval rate of production — интервал или диапазон колебаний дебита закачки)

rate of deviation change — скорость набора угла отклонения (при бурении наклонных скважин)

rate of grout acceptance — скорость поглощения цементного раствора породой

rate of increase of angle — приращение угла (при направленном бурении)

rate of net drilling — скорость чистого бурения

rate of pressure rise — скорость нарастания давления

rate of volume flow — объёмная скорость

rate of water injection — скорость нагнетания [подачи] воды

— circulation rate

— constant rate

— counting rate

— creep rate

— decline rate

— depletion rates

— discharge rate

— drilling rate

— filtration rate

— flow rate

— flowing production rate

— gas-flow rate

— injection rate

— input rate

— instantaneous rate

— mass rate

— maximum efficient rate

— maximum recovery rate

— penetration rate

— producing rate

— production rate

— productive rate

— pump rate

— pumping rate

— rate of absorbtion

— rate of advance

— rate of aeration

— rate of compression

— rate of corrosion

— rate of curves

— rate of decline

— rate of delivery

— rate of deposition

— rate of depreciation

— rate of development

— rate of dilution

— rate of discharge

— rate of displacement

— rate of divergence

— rate of drilling

— rate of evaporation

— rate of fall

— rate of feed

— rate of flow

— rate of inflow

— rate of injection

— rate of interest

— rate of loading

— rate of outflow

— rate of penetration

— rate of percolation

— rate of piercing

— rate of production

— rate of profit

— rate of propagation

— rate of pumping

— rate of recovery

— rate of revolution

— rate of sedimentation

— rate of settling

— rate of shear

— rate of solidification

— rate of speed

— rate of strain

— rate of throughput

— rate of travel

— rate of wear

— rate of yield

— receiving rate

— reduced rate

— rig day rate

— settling rate

— shear rate

— tanker loading rate

— unit rate

— water influx rate

— water injection rate

— water-intake rate

— welding rate

— withdrawal rate

* * *

1. скорость; темп; интенсивность; степень

2. норма

3. стоимость; оценка

bathtub hazard rate U- — образная кривая интенсивности отказов

field usage failure rate — интенсивность отказов при эксплуатации в полевых условиях

rate of crack propagation — скорость распространения трещины

rate of hole deviation change — темп набора кривизны скважины

upper critical failure rate — предельно допустимая интенсивность отказов

— abort rate

— accelerated failure rate

— acceptable degradation rate

— acceptable failure rate

— acceptable malfunction rate

— acceptance failure rate

— acceptance rate

— age-specific failure rate

— age-wear-specific failure rate

— allocated failure rate

— allocated repair rate

— anticipated failure rate

— assessed failure rate

— basic failure rate

— burn-in hazard rate

— catastrophic failure rate

— chance failure rate

— change rate

— circulation rate

— collective failure rate

— complaint rate

— component failure rate

— conditional failure rate

— corrosion rate

— crack growth rate

— cumulative failure rate

— damage rate

— decreasing failure rate

— defect rate

— degradation failure rate

— degradation rate

— deterioration rate

— development rate

— dormant failure rate

— drill penetration rate

— drilling rate

— failure rate

— flaw rate

— flow rate

— flush production rate

— forced outage rate

— general failure rate

— hazard rate

— improvement rate

— in-commission rate

— increasing failure rate

— initial failure rate

— injection rate

— in-service failure rate

— instantaneous failure rate

— limiting failure rate

— maintenance action rate

— maintenance downtime rate

— malfunction rate

— maximum efficiency rate

— maximum permissible rate

— mean failure rate

— median failure rate

— nominal failure rate

— nonoperating failure rate

— normalized failure rate

— observed defect rate

— observed failure rate

— optimum failure rate

— outage replacement rate

— penetration rate

— powered failure rate

— predicted failure rate

— preventive maintenance rate

— production decline rate

— production rate

— rate of attack

— rate of deformation

— rate of inspection

— rate of linkage

— ready rate

— recovery rate

— recurrence rate

— redundancy rate

— reliability rate

— search rate

— sedentary failure rate

— settled production rate

— standard failure rate

— standby failure rate

— storage failure rate

— target failure rate

— total failure rate

— unacceptable failure rate

— unpowered failure rate

— voidage rate

— wear-out failure rate

— withdrawal rate

* * *

1. норма; скорость, темп, производительность

2. размер, мера, масштаб

3. цена, стоимость; тариф

* * *

быстрота; частота; скорость; интенсивность; оценка; норма

* * *

1) скорость; темп; интенсивность; степень

2) норма

3) стоимость; оценка

•

- rate of absorption
- rate of advance
- rate of aeration
- rate of angle increase
- rate of attack
- rate of crack propagation
- rate of deformation
- rate of delivery
- rate of development
- rate of deviation change
- rate of dilution
- rate of divergence
- rate of feed
- rate of flow
- rate of formation influx
- rate of grout
- rate of hole angle charge
- rate of hole deviation change
- rate of inspection
- rate of linkage
- rate of net drilling
- rate of oil recovery
- rate of penetration
- rate of percolation
- rate of piercing
- rate of pressure rise
- rate of rise
- rate of sedimentation
- rate of setting
- rate of sinking
- rate of solidification
- rate of throughput
- rate of travel
- rate of wear
- rate of yield
- abort rate
- absolute drilling rate
- accelerated failure rate
- acceptable degradation rate
- acceptable failure rate
- acceptable hazard rate
- acceptable malfunction rate
- admissible flow rate
- admissible production rate
- age-specific failure rate
- age-wear-specific failure rate
- air rate
- allowable flow rate
- allowable production rate
- anticipated failure rate
- assessed failure rate
- average daily flow rate
- average daily production rate
- average injection rate
- average monthly flow rate
- average monthly production rate
- average penetration rate
- average well monthly production rate
- basic failure rate
- bathtub hazard rate
- block rate
- blowout rate
- build rate
- burn-in hazard rate
- catalyst circulation rate
- catastrophic failure rate
- chance failure rate
- change rate
- circulation rate
- collective failure rate
- complaint rate
- component failure rate
- condensate production rate
- conditional failure rate
- constant rate
- constant failure rate
- constant production rate
- corrosion rate
- counting rate
- crack growth rate
- critical production rate
- cumulative failure rate
- current production rate
- cutting rate
- daily flow rate
- daily production rate
- damage rate
- decline rate
- decreasing failure rate
- decreasing hazard rate
- defect rate
- degradation rate
- degradation failure rate
- depletion rate
- deterioration rate
- discharge rate
- dormant failure rate
- drill penetration rate
- drilling rate
- efficient production rate
- engineering maximum efficient rate
- estimated flow rate
- estimated production rate
- failure rate
- far count rate
- fault rate
- feed rate
- feed-out rate
- field rate
- field-usage failure rate
- fieldwide rate of production
- fieldwide rate of recovery
- film-drainage rate
- filtration rate
- final flow rate
- final production rate
- flame jet cutting rate
- flat rate
- flaw rate
- flexible rates
- flooding rate
- flow rate
- flowing production rate
- fluid-flow rate
- flush production rate
- forced outage rate
- formation fluid withdrawal rate
- gas flow rate
- gas leak rate
- gas-free production rate
- general failure rate
- hazard rate
- improvement rate
- in-commission rate
- in-service failure rate
- incentive rate
- increasing failure rate
- initial rate
- initial failure rate
- initial flow rate
- initial production rate
- injection rate
- input rate
- instantaneous failure rate
- interval rate of production
- levelized rate
- limiting failure rate
- log-data rate
- long-spacing detector counting rate
- low production rate
- maintenance action rate
- maintenance downtime rate
- malfunction rate
- mass rate
- maximum efficiency rate
- maximum efficient rate
- maximum permissible rate
- maximum recovery rate
- mean failure rate
- median failure rate
- metered rate
- monotone failure rate
- near count rate
- negotiated rate
- nominal failure rate
- norm rate
- normalized failure rate
- observed defect rate
- observed failure rate
- oil flow rate
- oil production rate
- optimum failure rate
- optimum flow rate
- optimum production rate
- outage replacement rate
- pellet rate
- pipeline rate
- potential production rate
- predicted failure rate
- preventive maintenance rate
- production rate
- production decline rate
- productive rate
- pump rate
- pump stroke rate
- pumping rate
- ready rate
- receiving rate
- recovery rate
- recurrence rate
- reduced rate
- reliability rate
- reservoir voidage rate
- residential rate
- retail rate
- rig day rate
- sampling rate
- search rate
- seasonal rate
- settled production rate
- settling rate
- shear rate
- shooting rate
- short-spacing detector counting rate
- stable flow rate
- stable production rate
- standard failure rate
- steady production rate
- step rate
- storage failure rate
- straight fixed variable rate
- subsequent production rate
- system failure rate
- tanker loading rate
- target failure rate
- threshold flow rate
- total failure rate
- total production rate
- unacceptable failure rate
- unit rate of flow
- unit dimensionless production rate
- unit production rate
- unmetered rate
- unpowered failure rate
- unsteady production rate
- upper critical failure rate
- utilization rate
- variable production rate
- voidage rate
- volume flow rate
- water-free production rate
- water-influx rate
- water-injection rate
- water-intake rate
- wear-out failure rate
- welding rate
- well flow rate
- well production rate
- withdrawal rate
* * *

• 1) норма; 2) скорость

• быстрота протекания какого-нибудь процесса

• глубина

• измерять

• номинальные рабочие данные машины

• оценивать

• производительность

• составлять смету

• ставка

• стоимость

• темп

• фиксировать

Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > rate
3 advertising

сущ.

1) рекл. реклама (совокупность каких-л. рекламных объявлений; обычно употребляется с указанием места, где размещается данная реклама)

alcohol advertising on radio — реклама алкоголя на радио

Over 60 percent of alcohol advertising [on television\] is shown during sports programming

to broadcast advertising of gambling services — передавать в эфир рекламу игорных заведений

amount of advertising in the media — объем рекламы в СМИ

Asian governments have attempted to limit excessive consumptions by instituting strict control over the content and amount of advertising in the media.

advertising on buses — реклама на автобусах

Advertising [on buses\] is one of the important advertising means to which companies and establishments attach great importance because this type of advertisement is a mobile one seen by all.

two-thirds of the food and drink advertising for children under 12 — две трети всей рекламы продуктов питания для детей младше 12-ти лет

Last month, 10 companies that produce almost two-thirds of the food and drink advertising [for children\] under 12 agreed to start cutting back on advertising junk foods.

to distribute printing advertising — распространять печатную рекламу

No person shall within the city distribute [printed\] advertising by placing it within or upon parked automobiles.

2) рекл. реклама, рекламирование (процесс осуществления рекламы; как правило, употребляется с указанием рекламируемого продукта)

to prevent alcohol advertising — не допустить рекламирования алкоголя

Alcohol advertising is the promotion of alcoholic beverages by alcohol producers through a variety of media.

to regulate advertising of gambling — регулировать рекламу игорного бизнеса

the control of medicines advertising in the UK — контроль за рекламой лекарств в Соединенном Королевстве

to specialize in advertising to women — специализироваться на рекламе для женщин

ATTRIBUTES: accessory 2. 1), advance 3. 2), aerial 3. 1), agricultural, air 2. 1),

alternative 2. 3), ambient 1. 1), audiovisual, auxiliary 2. 1), block 1. 4) а), boastful, broadcast 2. 1), n1, classified 1. 1), commercial 1. 4) а), comparative, competing 1. 1) а), competitive 1. 2) а), concept 1. 2) а), consumer 1. 1) а), continuity 1. 1) а), controversial 1. 1) а), cooperative 2. 1), n2, coordinated, corporate 1. 2) а), б, corrective 1. 1), creative, deceptive, demographic, denigratory, dissipative, domestic 1. 2) а),

foreign 1) б), global, professional 1. 3) б), regional, repeat 3. 3) б), strategic, superior 3. 1) б), test 3. 3) б), traditional

Syn:

advertisement 2)

See:

accessory advertising, advance advertising, advocacy advertising, aerial advertising, agricultural advertising, air advertising, aisle advertising, alternative advertising, ambient advertising, analogy advertising, association advertising, audiovisual advertising, auxiliary advertising, bait advertising, bait and switch advertising, bait-and-switch advertising, bank advertising, banner advertising, bargain advertising, bargain-basement advertising, block advertising, boastful advertising, brand advertising, brand image advertising, brand name advertising, breakthrough advertising, broadcast advertising, burst advertising, business advertising, business paper advertising, business publication advertising, business-to-business advertising, car-card advertising, cause advertising, challenged advertising, charity advertising, children's advertising, cinema advertising, classified advertising, combative advertising, commercial advertising, comparative advertising, comparison advertising, competing advertising, competitive advertising, concept advertising, consumer advertising, continuity advertising, controversial advertising, co-op advertising, cooperative advertising, coordinated advertising, corporate advertising, corporate image advertising, corrective advertising, counter advertising, counteradvertising, coupon advertising, creative advertising, deceptive advertising, demographic advertising, demonstration advertising, denigratory advertising, direct advertising, direct response advertising, direct-action advertising, direct mail advertising, direct-mail advertising, directory advertising, display advertising, dissipative advertising, domestic advertising, door-to-door advertising, educational advertising, electric advertising, electrical advertising, e-mail based advertising, entertaining advertising, ethical advertising, export advertising, eye-catching advertising, factual advertising, false advertising, farm advertising, fashion advertising, film advertising, financial advertising, flexform advertising, follow-up advertising, foreign advertising, fraudulent advertising, full-page advertising, gender advertising, general advertising, generic advertising, global advertising, goodwill advertising, group advertising, hard-sell advertising, hard-selling advertising, heavy advertising, help wanted advertising, high-pressure advertising, house advertising, house-to-house advertising, idea advertising, illuminated advertising, image advertising, impact advertising, indirect action advertising, indirect-action advertising, individual advertising, indoor advertising, industrial advertising, information advertising, informational advertising, informative advertising, in-house advertising, initial advertising, innovative advertising, institutional advertising, in-store advertising, insurance advertising, international advertising, interstate advertising, introductory advertising, intrusive advertising, issue advertising, joint advertising, large-scale advertising, launch advertising, legal advertising, local advertising, mail advertising, mail-order advertising, mass advertising, mass-media advertising, media advertising, military advertising, misleading advertising, mobile advertising, mood advertising, movie theatre advertising, multimedia advertising, multinational advertising, national advertising, non-business advertising, non-commercial advertising, novelty advertising, obtrusive advertising, offbeat advertising, off-season advertising, on-line advertising, on-target advertising, opinion advertising, oral advertising, outdoor advertising, out-of-home advertising, package advertising, periodical advertising, personality advertising, persuasive advertising, point-of-purchase advertising, point-of-sale advertising, political advertising, postal advertising, postcard advertising, poster advertising, postmark advertising, pre-launch advertising, premium advertising, press advertising, prestige advertising, price advertising, primary advertising, print advertising, private sector advertising, problem-solution advertising, procurement advertising, producer advertising, product advertising, product-comparison advertising, professional advertising, promotional advertising, public relations advertising, public sector advertising, public service advertising, public-affairs advertising, public interest advertising, public-issue advertising, public-service advertising, radio advertising, railway advertising, reason-why advertising, recruitment advertising, regional advertising, reinforcement advertising, remembrance advertising, reminder advertising, repeat advertising, retail advertising, retentive advertising, saturation advertising, scented advertising, screen advertising, seasonal advertising, selective advertising, self-advertising, semi-display advertising, show-window advertising, sky advertising, slide advertising, social advertising, social cause advertising, soft-sell advertising, specialty advertising, split-run advertising, spot advertising, store advertising, strategic advertising, street advertising, strip advertising, subliminal advertising, sustaining advertising, switch advertising, tactical advertising, target advertising, taxi top advertising, teaser advertising, television advertising, test advertising, testimonial advertising, tie-in advertising, tombstone advertising, total advertising, trade advertising, trademark advertising, traditional advertising, transformational advertising, transit advertising, transportation advertising, truthful advertising, truth-in-advertising, two-step formal advertising, unacceptable advertising, unfair advertising, untruthful advertising, visual advertising, vocational advertising, wall advertising, word-of-mouth advertising, written advertising, yellow pages advertising, advertising abuse, advertising action, advertising aids, advertising analysis а), advertising appeal, advertising approach, advertising audience, advertising awareness, advertising balance, advertising band, advertising believability, advertising break, advertising brochure, advertising catalogue, advertising circular, advertising claim 1) а), advertising clutter, advertising column, advertising communication, advertising competition 2) а), advertising copy, advertising coupon, advertising credibility, advertising cue, advertising decay, advertising deception, advertising device, advertising emphasis, advertising exaggeration, advertising exposure 2) а), advertising factor а), advertising film, advertising folder, advertising frequency, advertising gift, advertising gimmick, advertising handbill, advertising hoarding, advertising image, advertising impact, advertising impression, advertising influence, advertising insert, advertising intensity, advertising jingle, advertising label, advertising leaflet, advertising letter, advertising literature 1) а), advertising location, advertising magazine, advertising material, advertising matter, advertising media, advertising medium, advertising novelty, advertising operation 2) а), advertising page, advertising pamphlet, advertising panel, advertising penetration, advertising perception, advertising personality, advertising playback, advertising point, advertising posttest, advertising pretest, advertising puffery, advertising pylon, advertising race, advertising readership, advertising recall, advertising response, advertising retention, advertising sample, advertising section 2) а), advertising site, advertising slogan, advertising space, advertising specialty, advertising sponsorship, advertising spoof, advertising spot, advertising standards, advertising structure, advertising supplement, advertising test, advertising testing, advertising text, advertising threshold, advertising time, advertising vehicle, advertising wearout, advertising wedge, Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, Code of Advertising Practice, Defining Advertising goals for Measured Advertising Results, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Code of Advertising Practice, ICC International Code of Environmental Advertising, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Standard Advertising Register, Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, Standards of Practice of the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Advertising Association, Advertising Association of the West, Advertising Checking Bureau, Advertising Club of New York, Advertising Council, Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc. 2), Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc.

3) рекл. рекламное дело, рекламная деятельность, рекламный бизнес (реклама как вид деятельности безотносительно каких-л. конкретных продуктов; реклама как одна из функций организации)

advertising counsellor [consultant\] — рекламный консультант, консультант по рекламе

advertising expert — рекламный эксперт, эксперт по рекламе

advertising textbook — учебник по рекламе

Syn:

advertising business 1)

See:

above-the-line advertising, below-the-line advertising, flat fee advertising, investment advertising, per inquiry advertising, advertising account, advertising activity, advertising agency, advertising agent, advertising agreement, advertising allowance, advertising analysis б), advertising appropriation, advertising assistant, advertising audit, advertising brief, advertising broker, advertising budget, advertising business, advertising campaign, advertising canvasser, advertising claim 2) б), advertising club, advertising code, advertising community, advertising company, advertising competition 1) б), advertising contract, advertising contractor, advertising control, advertising cooperative, advertising copywriting, advertising cost, advertising coverage, advertising customer, advertising department, advertising director, advertising directory, advertising drive, advertising effect, advertising effectiveness, advertising efficiency, advertising environment, advertising ethics, advertising exchange, advertising executive, advertising expenditures, advertising expenses, advertising exposure 1) б), &3, advertising factor б), advertising firm, advertising guide, advertising industry, advertising injury, advertising landscape, advertising legislation, advertising leverage, advertising liability, advertising linage, advertising literature 2) б), advertising man, advertising management, advertising manager, advertising method, advertising mix, advertising monopoly, advertising network, advertising objective, advertising office, advertising operation 1) б), advertising order, advertising outcome, advertising outlay, advertising output, advertising people, advertising performance, advertising personnel, advertising plan, advertising planner, advertising planning, advertising portfolio, advertising practice, advertising practitioner, advertising professional, advertising programme, advertising purpose, advertising rate, advertising register, advertising representative, advertising research, advertising restrictions, advertising sales agents, advertising schedule, advertising section 1) б), advertising self-regulation, advertising services, advertising specialist, advertising spending, advertising statistics, advertising strategy, advertising substantiation, advertising support, advertising talent, advertising theory, advertising value, advertising variable, advertising weight, media buy, copywriting, advertology

* * *
реклама, рекламирование: использование печатных, теле-, радио- и иных посланий, оплаченных рекламодателем, для благоприятного воздействия на потенциальных покупателей товара или клиентов.
* * *

размещение объявлений; размещение рекламы; рекламирование
. . Словарь экономических терминов .
* * *

Международное страхование

реклама

эмоционально окрашенная информация об основных характеристиках отдельных видов страхования и страховых операций с целью формирования устойчивого спроса на страховые услуги

-----

Реклама

реклама

средство распространения информации и убеждения людей через прессу, телевидение, радиовещание, объявления, плакаты и другим образом

Англо-русский экономический словарь > advertising
4 order

'o:də
1. noun
1) (a statement (by a person in authority) of what someone must do; a command: He gave me my orders.) orden

2) (an instruction to supply something: orders from Germany for special gates.) orden, pedido

3) (something supplied: Your order is nearly ready.) pedido

4) (a tidy state: The house is in (good) order.) orden

5) (a system or method: I must have order in my life.) orden

6) (an arrangement (of people, things etc) in space, time etc: in alphabetical order; in order of importance.) orden

7) (a peaceful condition: law and order.) orden

8) (a written instruction to pay money: a banker's order.) orden

9) (a group, class, rank or position: This is a list of the various orders of plants; the social order.) orden

10) (a religious society, especially of monks: the Benedictine order.) orden

2. verb
1) (to tell (someone) to do something (from a position of authority): He ordered me to stand up.) ordenar, mandar

2) (to give an instruction to supply: I have ordered some new furniture from the shop; He ordered a steak.) pedir, encargar

3) (to put in order: Should we order these alphabetically?) ordenar

•

- orderly

3. noun
1) (a hospital attendant who does routine jobs.) asistente (de hospital)

2) (a soldier who carries an officer's orders and messages.) ordenanza

•

- orderliness
- order-form
- in order
- in order that
- in order
- in order to
- made to order
- on order
- order about
- out of order
- a tall order

order¹ n

1. orden

the officer gave the order to fire el oficial dio la orden de disparar

2. orden

the names are in alphabetical order los nombres están por orden alfabético

in order to para

we work in order to earn money trabajamos para ganar dinero

to be out of order no funcionar

the lift is out of order el ascensor no funciona

order² vb

1. ordenar / mandar

the policeman ordered me to get out of the car el policía me ordenó bajar del coche

2. pedir / encargar

did you order fried eggs? ¿has pedido huevos fritos?

we've ordered 20 copies of the book hemos encargado 20 ejemplares del libro

order

tr['ɔːdə^SMALLr/SMALL]

noun

1 (sequence) orden nombre masculino, serie nombre femenino

■ in alphabetical/chronological order por orden alfabético/cronológico

■ you've put them in the wrong order los has ordenado mal

2 (condition, organization) orden nombre masculino, concierto

■ she put her affairs in order puso sus asuntos en orden

3 (fitness for use) condiciones nombre femenino plural, estado

■ the car's in good working order el coche funciona bien

■ the house is in good order la casa está en buenas condiciones

4 (obedience, authority, discipline) orden nombre masculino, disciplina

■ the teacher must keep order in the class el profesor debe mantener el orden en la clase

5 (system) orden nombre masculino

■ the existing order el orden actual

6 (rules, procedures, etc) orden nombre masculino, procedimiento

■ a point of order una cuestión de procedimiento

7 (command) orden nombre femenino

■ until futher orders hasta nueva orden

8 SMALLCOMMERCE/SMALL (request, goods) pedido

■ I placed an order for 5 boxes encargué 5 cajas

■ the waiter took our order el camarero tomó nota de lo que queríamos

9 (written instruction) orden nombre femenino

■ a court order una orden nombre femenino judicial

10 (classes) orden nombre femenino

■ the military order la orden militar

■ the lower orders las clases bajas

11 (of plants, animals) orden nombre masculino

12 (group, society) orden nombre femenino; (badge, sign worn) condecoración nombre femenino, orden nombre femenino

■ the monastic orders las órdenes monásticas

■ a Masonic order una orden masónica

■ the Order of the Garter la Orden de la Jarretera

13 SMALLARCHITECTURE/SMALL orden nombre masculino

14 (kind, sort) orden nombre masculino

■ of the highest order de primer orden

transitive verb

1 (command) ordenar, mandar

■ he ordered the soldiers to shoot ordenó a los soldados que dispararan

■ the doctor ordered me to stay in bed el médico me mandó quedarme en cama

2 (ask for) pedir, encargar

■ I've ordered a cake for his birthday he encargado un pastel para su cumpleaños

■ could you order me a taxi? ¿me podrías llamar un taxi?

■ we ordered two coffees pedimos dos cafés

3 (arrange, put in order, organize) ordenar, poner en orden

intransitive verb

1 (request to bring, ask for) pedir

■ have you ordered yet? ¿ya han pedido?

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

by order of por orden de

in order (tidy, acceptable) en orden 2 (valid) en regla 3 (ready) dispuesto,-a, listo,-a

■ everything in order? ¿todo en orden?

■ is your passport in order? ¿tienes el pasaporte en regla?

in order that para que, a fin de que

in order to para, a fin de

of the order of del orden de, alrededor de

'Last orders, please!' grito del camarero que indica que el bar va a cerrar y que hay que pedir la última consumición

out of order (not working) que no funciona

■ the lift is out of order el ascensor no funciona 2 (not in sequence) desordenado,-a 3 (not according to rules) fuera de lugar 4 familiar (unacceptable) inaceptable

■ her behaviour was out of order su comportamiento no fue aceptable, no hizo bien 6 familiar (in the wrong) equivocado,-a

■ you were out of order there, mate eso no estuvo bien, tío

to be on order estar pedido,-a

to be under orders (to do something) tener orden (de hacer algo)

to do something to order hacer algo por encargo

to take holy orders recibir las órdenes sagradas

order book libro de pedidos

order form hoja de pedido

the order of the day el orden del día

order ['ɔrdər] vt

1) organize: arreglar, ordenar, poner en orden

2) command: ordenar, mandar

3) request: pedir, encargar

to order a meal: pedir algo de comer

order vi

: hacer un pedido

order n

1) : orden f

a religious order: una orden religiosa

2) command: orden f, mandato m

to give an order: dar una orden

3) request: orden f, pedido m

purchase order: orden de compra

4) arrangement: orden m

in chronological order: por orden cronológico

5) discipline: orden m

law and order: el orden público

6)

in order to : para

7)

out of order : descompuesto, averiado

8) orders npl or holy orders : órdenes fpl sagradas

order

n.

• arreglo s.m.

• consigna s.f.

• cédula s.f.

• decreto s.m.

• encargo s.m.

• estructura s.f.

• forma s.f.

• línea s.f.

• mandado s.m.

• mandato s.m.

• orden (Comercio) s.m.

• pedido s.m.

• precepto s.m.

• regla s.f.

v.

• cometer v.

• disponer v.

• encargar v.

• intimar v.

• mandar v.

• mandar hacer v.

• ordenar v.

• pedir v.

'ɔːrdər, 'ɔːdə(r)
I

1) noun

Sense I

2) c

a) ( command) orden f

to await orders — esperar órdenes

I don't take orders from anyone — a mí nadie me da órdenes

orders are orders — órdenes son órdenes

order to + INF — orden de + inf

he gave the order to fire — dio orden de disparar

order THAT — orden de que (+ subj)

I left orders that she was not to be disturbed — dejé órdenes de que no se la molestara

on whose orders are you doing this? — ¿quién le ordenó hacer esto?

by order of... — por orden de...

to get one's marching orders — (colloq) ser* despedido

b) ( court decree) ( Law) orden f; see also order of the day

3) c (request, goods requested) pedido m

to place an order for something — hacer* un pedido de algo, encargar* algo

the books are on order — los libros están pedidos

we make them to order — los hacemos por encargo

the waiter took my order — el camarero tomó nota de lo que quería

a tall order: it's a bit of a tall order, but I'll see what I can do — es algo difícil, pero veré qué puedo hacer

4) u ( instructions to pay) ( Fin) orden f; see also postal order, standing order

Sense II

5) u

( sequence) orden m

in alphabetical/numerical order — en or por orden alfabético/numérico

the photos were all in the wrong order — las fotos estaban todas desordenadas

to put something in(to) order — poner* algo en orden, ordenar algo

6) ( satisfactory condition) orden m

let's get this room into some sort of order — tratemos de ordenar un poco esta habitación

I'm trying to put my affairs in order — estoy tratando de poner mis asuntos en orden or de arreglar mis asuntos

the car was in perfect working order — el coche funcionaba perfectamente bien

7) (harmony, discipline) orden m

to keep order — mantener* el orden

order in (the) court! — silencio en la sala!

to call somebody to order — llamar a alguien al orden

8) (rules, procedure) orden m

point of order — cuestión f de orden or de procedimiento

to call a meeting to order — ( start) empezar* una reunión; ( resume) reanudar una reunión

9) ( in phrases)

a)

in order: is your bedroom in order? ¿tu cuarto está ordenado or en orden?; are her papers in order? ¿tiene los papeles en regla?; is everything in order for tomorrow's performance? ¿está todo dispuesto para la función de mañana?; an apology would seem to be in order — parecería que lo indicado sería disculparse

b)

in order to — para

c)

in order that — para que (+ subj)

d)

out of order — ( not in sequence) desordenado; ( not working) averiado, descompuesto (AmL)

out of order — no funciona; (uncalled-for, not following procedure)

that remark was out of order — ese comentario estuvo fuera de lugar

Sense III

10) c

a) (kind, class)

the lower orders — las clases bajas

a performance of the first order — una interpretación de primera clase

a fool of the first order — un tonto de marca mayor

b) ( Biol) orden m

c) (in phrases)

on o (BrE) in the order of: it cost something on the order of $100 — costó alrededor de 100 dólares, el costo fue del orden de 100 dólares

11) c

a) (of monks, nuns) orden f

b) ( insignia) condecoración f

12) orders pl ( Relig) órdenes fpl sagradas

to take (holy) orders — recibir las órdenes (sagradas), ordenarse sacerdote

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( command) ordenar

to order somebody to + INF — ordenarle a alguien que (+ subj)

to order something (to be) done — ordenar que se haga algo

to order THAT — ordenar que (+ subj)

he ordered me out of the room — me ordenó or me mandó salir de la habitación

b) ( Med) mandar

he ordered complete rest — le mandó hacer reposo absoluto

2) ( request) pedir*; \<\<goods\>\> encargar*, pedir*

I ordered three boxes of pencils — hice un pedido de or encargué tres cajas de lápices

to order a taxi — llamar un taxi

3) ( put in order) \<\<work/life/affairs\>\> ordenar, poner* en orden

2.

vi ( in restaurant)

are you ready to order? — ¿ya han decidido qué van a tomar or pedir?

Phrasal Verbs:

- order around

['ɔːdǝ(r)]
1. N

1) (=sequence) orden m

in order — en orden, por orden

what order should these documents be in? — ¿en qué orden deben estar estos documentos?

• in alphabetical order — por or en orden alfabético

cast in order of appearance — (Theat, Cine) por orden de aparición

• in chronological order — por orden cronológico

• in order of merit — ordenado según el mérito

• they are out of order — están mal ordenados

to get out of order — desarreglarse

• put these in the right order — ponga estos por orden

• in order of seniority — por orden de antigüedad

• word order — orden m de las palabras

• they are in the wrong order — están mal ordenados

2) (=system) orden m

a new political/social order — un nuevo orden político/social

• she has no order in her life — lleva un régimen de vida muy desorganizado

• the old order is changing — el viejo orden está cambiando

• it is in the order of things — es ley de vida

• a new world order — un nuevo orden mundial

3) (=good order) buen estado m, orden m

• in order — (legally) en regla; [room] en orden, ordenado

his papers are in order — tiene los papeles en regla

everything is in order — todo está en regla

is this passport in order? — ¿este pasaporte está en regla?

to put a matter in order — arreglar un asunto

to put one's affairs in order — poner sus asuntos en orden

in good order — en buen estado, en buenas condiciones

a machine in working or running order — una máquina en buen estado

• to be out of order — [machine] estar estropeado or (LAm) descompuesto

the line is out of order — (Telec) no hay línea, la línea no funciona

out of order — no funciona

4) (=peace, control) orden m

• the forces of order — las fuerzas del orden

• to keep order — mantener el orden

she can't keep order — es incapaz de imponer la disciplina, no puede hacerse obedecer

to keep children in order — mantener a los niños en orden

5) (=command) orden f ; [of court etc] sentencia f, fallo m

orders are orders — las órdenes no se discuten

• bankruptcy order — orden f de quiebra

• by order of — por orden de

• Order in Council — (Brit) (Parl) Orden f Real

• order of the court — sentencia f del tribunal

• deportation order — orden f de deportación

• till further orders — hasta nueva orden

• to give orders — dar órdenes

to give sb orders to do sth — ordenar or mandar a algn hacer algo

he gave the order for it to be done — ordenó que se hiciera

• to obey orders — cumplir órdenes

• on the orders of — a las órdenes de

• to take orders from sb — recibir órdenes de algn

I don't take orders from anyone — a mí no me da órdenes nadie

• that's an order! — ¡es una orden!

• under orders — bajo órdenes

we are under orders not to allow it — tenemos orden de no permitirlo

to be under the orders of — estar bajo el mando de

- get one's marching orders
starter 1., 1)
6) (=correct procedure) (at meeting, Parliament etc) orden m

order (, order)! — ¡orden!

• to call sb to order — llamar a algn al orden

to call the meeting to order — abrir la sesión

• order of the day — (Mil) orden del día; (fig) moda f, estilo m del momento

strikes are the order of the day — las huelgas están a la orden del día

• to be in order — [action, request] ser procedente

a beer would be in order — sería indicado tomarse una cerveza

it seems congratulations are in order! — ¡enhorabuena!

is it in order for me to go to Rome? — ¿(le) es inconveniente si voy a Roma?

it is not in order to discuss Ruritania — Ruritania está fuera de la cuestión

• to be out of order * — (=unacceptable) [remark] estar fuera de lugar; [person] comportarse mal

to rule a matter out of order — decidir que un asunto no se puede discutir

• a point of order — una cuestión de procedimiento

7) (Comm) pedido m, encargo m

• we have it on order for you — está pedido para usted

we will put it on order for you — se lo pediremos para usted al fabricante

• to place an order for sth with sb — encargar or hacer un pedido de algo a algn

• repeat order — pedido m de repetición

• rush order — pedido m urgente

• made to order — hecho a medida

we can't do things to order — no podemos proveer en seguida todo cuanto se nos pide

- that's rather a tall order

8) (in restaurant)

the waiter took our order — el camarero tomó nota de lo que íbamos a comer

an order of French fries — una ración de patatas fritas

9)

in order to do sth — para or a fin de hacer algo

in order that he may stay — para que pueda quedarse

10) [of society etc] clase f, categoría f ; (Bio) orden m

• Benedictine Order — Orden f de San Benito

• the present crisis is of a different order — la crisis actual es de un orden distinto

• talents of the first order — talentos mpl de primer orden

• holy orders — órdenes fpl sagradas

to be in/take (holy) orders — ser/ordenarse sacerdote

• the lower orders — las clases bajas or (LAm) populares

• of the order of 500 — del orden de los quinientos

something in or of or (US) on the order of £3,000 — unos 3.000, alrededor de 3.000

order of magnitude — magnitud f

11) (Econ) libranza f ; (postal) giro m

pay to the order of — páguese a la orden de

12) (Archit) orden m

Doric order — orden m dórico

13)

in short order — (US) rápidamente

14) (Mil)

• in battle order — en orden de batalla

• in close order — en filas apretadas

• in marching order — en orden de marchar

2. VT

1) (=command) mandar, ordenar

to order sb to do sth — mandar or ordenar a algn hacer algo

to be ordered to pay costs — ser condenado en costas

he was ordered to be quiet — le ordenaron que se callara

he ordered that the army should advance — ordenó que el ejército avanzara, dio órdenes de que el ejército avanzara

the referee ordered the player off the field — el árbitro expulsó al jugador del campo

to order sb in/up etc — mandar entrar/subir etc a algn, hacer entrar/subir etc a algn

are you ordering me out of my own house? — ¿me estás echando de mi propia casa?

2) (=put in order) ordenar, poner en orden

they are ordered by date/size — están ordenados por fecha/tamaño

3) (=organize) organizar, arreglar

to order one's life properly — organizar bien su vida, vivir de acuerdo a cierto método

4) [+ goods, meal, taxi] pedir, encargar

to order a suit — mandar hacer un traje

we ordered steak and chips — pedimos un filete con patatas fritas

3.

VI (in restaurant) pedir

are you ready to order? — ¿han decidido qué van a pedir?

4.

CPD

order book N — (Comm) libro m de pedidos, cartera f de pedidos

order department N — (Comm) sección f de pedidos

order form N — (Comm) hoja f de pedido

order number N — (Comm) número m de pedido

Order of Merit N (Brit) —

• the Order of Merit — la Orden del Mérito

order paper N — (Brit) (Parl etc) orden m del día
garter
- order about

- order back

* * *
['ɔːrdər, 'ɔːdə(r)]
I

1) noun

Sense I

2) c

a) ( command) orden f

to await orders — esperar órdenes

I don't take orders from anyone — a mí nadie me da órdenes

orders are orders — órdenes son órdenes

order to + INF — orden de + inf

he gave the order to fire — dio orden de disparar

order THAT — orden de que (+ subj)

I left orders that she was not to be disturbed — dejé órdenes de que no se la molestara

on whose orders are you doing this? — ¿quién le ordenó hacer esto?

by order of... — por orden de...

to get one's marching orders — (colloq) ser* despedido

b) ( court decree) ( Law) orden f; see also order of the day

3) c (request, goods requested) pedido m

to place an order for something — hacer* un pedido de algo, encargar* algo

the books are on order — los libros están pedidos

we make them to order — los hacemos por encargo

the waiter took my order — el camarero tomó nota de lo que quería

a tall order: it's a bit of a tall order, but I'll see what I can do — es algo difícil, pero veré qué puedo hacer

4) u ( instructions to pay) ( Fin) orden f; see also postal order, standing order

Sense II

5) u

( sequence) orden m

in alphabetical/numerical order — en or por orden alfabético/numérico

the photos were all in the wrong order — las fotos estaban todas desordenadas

to put something in(to) order — poner* algo en orden, ordenar algo

6) ( satisfactory condition) orden m

let's get this room into some sort of order — tratemos de ordenar un poco esta habitación

I'm trying to put my affairs in order — estoy tratando de poner mis asuntos en orden or de arreglar mis asuntos

the car was in perfect working order — el coche funcionaba perfectamente bien

7) (harmony, discipline) orden m

to keep order — mantener* el orden

order in (the) court! — silencio en la sala!

to call somebody to order — llamar a alguien al orden

8) (rules, procedure) orden m

point of order — cuestión f de orden or de procedimiento

to call a meeting to order — ( start) empezar* una reunión; ( resume) reanudar una reunión

9) ( in phrases)

a)

in order: is your bedroom in order? ¿tu cuarto está ordenado or en orden?; are her papers in order? ¿tiene los papeles en regla?; is everything in order for tomorrow's performance? ¿está todo dispuesto para la función de mañana?; an apology would seem to be in order — parecería que lo indicado sería disculparse

b)

in order to — para

c)

in order that — para que (+ subj)

d)

out of order — ( not in sequence) desordenado; ( not working) averiado, descompuesto (AmL)

out of order — no funciona; (uncalled-for, not following procedure)

that remark was out of order — ese comentario estuvo fuera de lugar

Sense III

10) c

a) (kind, class)

the lower orders — las clases bajas

a performance of the first order — una interpretación de primera clase

a fool of the first order — un tonto de marca mayor

b) ( Biol) orden m

c) (in phrases)

on o (BrE) in the order of: it cost something on the order of $100 — costó alrededor de 100 dólares, el costo fue del orden de 100 dólares

11) c

a) (of monks, nuns) orden f

b) ( insignia) condecoración f

12) orders pl ( Relig) órdenes fpl sagradas

to take (holy) orders — recibir las órdenes (sagradas), ordenarse sacerdote

II
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( command) ordenar

to order somebody to + INF — ordenarle a alguien que (+ subj)

to order something (to be) done — ordenar que se haga algo

to order THAT — ordenar que (+ subj)

he ordered me out of the room — me ordenó or me mandó salir de la habitación

b) ( Med) mandar

he ordered complete rest — le mandó hacer reposo absoluto

2) ( request) pedir*; \<\<goods\>\> encargar*, pedir*

I ordered three boxes of pencils — hice un pedido de or encargué tres cajas de lápices

to order a taxi — llamar un taxi

3) ( put in order) \<\<work/life/affairs\>\> ordenar, poner* en orden

2.

vi ( in restaurant)

are you ready to order? — ¿ya han decidido qué van a tomar or pedir?

Phrasal Verbs:

- order around

English-spanish dictionary > order
5 wrong

roŋ
1. adjective
1) (having an error or mistake(s); incorrect: The child gave the wrong answer; We went in the wrong direction.) equivocado, erróneo, incorrecto

2) (incorrect in one's answer(s), opinion(s) etc; mistaken: I thought Singapore was south of the Equator, but I was quite wrong.) equivocado

3) (not good, not morally correct etc: It is wrong to steal.) malo

4) (not suitable: He's the wrong man for the job.) inadecuado, impropio, inoportuno

5) (not right; not normal: There's something wrong with this engine; What's wrong with that child - why is she crying?) que no va bien, que no funciona

2. adverb
(incorrectly: I think I may have spelt her name wrong.) mal, incorrectamente

3. noun
(that which is not morally correct: He does not know right from wrong.) mal

4. verb
(to insult or hurt unjustly: You wrong me by suggesting that I'm lying.) ser injusto con, juzgar, agraviar

- wrongful
- wrongfully
- wrongfulness
- wrongly
- wrongdoer
- wrongdoing
- do someone wrong
- do wrong
- do wrong
- go wrong
- in the wrong

wrong¹ adj

1. incorrecto / erróneo

the wrong answer la respuesta incorrecta

2. equivocado / mal / que no es

this is the wrong house esta casa no es

they arrested the wrong man detuvieron al hombre que no era

3. malo

stealing is wrong robar es malo

wrong² adv mal

I must have heard wrong debo de haber oído mal

to get something wrong equivocarse

to go wrong estropearse / averiarse

the TV went wrong se estropeó la tele

wrong³ n mal

the difference between right and wrong la diferencia entre el bien y el mal

wrong

tr[rɒŋ]

adjective

1 (erroneous) erróneo,-a, equivocado,-a, incorrecto,-a

a wrong answer una respuesta incorrecta

we're going the wrong way nos hemos equivocado de camino, vamos mal

my watch is wrong mi reloj anda mal

they arrested the wrong man detuvieron al hombre que no era, detuvieron al hombre equivocado

he was driving on the wrong side of the road conducía por el carril contrario

she played a wrong note tocó una nota falsa

2 (mistaken) equivocado,-a

we proved him wrong demostramos que estaba equivocado

that's just where you're wrong ahí es donde te equivocas

I was wrong about you te había juzgado mal

you're wrong in thinking that... te equivocas si piensas que...

3 (evil, immoral) malo,-a; (unacceptable, unfair) injusto,-a

stealing is wrong robar es malo

I've done nothing wrong no he hecho nada malo

you were wrong not to tell me hiciste mal en no decírmelo

it seems all wrong to me a mí me parece injusto

4 (amiss) mal

something's wrong here aquí pasa algo

what's wrong? ¿qué pasa?

is anything wrong? ¿pasa algo?

what's wrong with him? ¿qué le pasa?

5 (unsuitable) inadecuado,-a, impropio,-a; (time) inoportuno,-a

she's the wrong person for the job no es la persona adecuada para el puesto

I think I said the wrong thing creo que he dicho algo no debía

he was in the wrong place at the wrong time estaba en el sitio equivocado en el momento inoportuno

adverb

1 mal, incorrectamente, equivocadamente

you've spelt it wrong lo has escrito mal

I must have heard wrong debo de haber oído mal

you're doing it wrong lo estás haciendo mal

noun

1 (evil, bad action) mal nombre masculino

children know right from wrong los niños saben distinguir entre el bien y el mal

she can do no wrong in his eyes para él, todo lo que ella hace está bien

2 (injustice) injusticia; (offence) agravio

many wrongs have been done in the name of the church se han cometido muchas injusticias en nombre de la iglesia

transitive verb

1 (treat unfairly) ser injusto,-a con; (judge unfairly) juzgar mal; (offend) agraviar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be from the wrong side of the tracks ser de los barrios bajos

to be in the wrong (mistaken) estar equivocado,-a 2 (at fault) tener la culpa

to be on the wrong side of forty «(fifty etc)» tener cuarenta (cincuenta etc) años bien cumplidos

to be wrong (person) estar equivocado,-a, no tener razón, equivocarse

to have/get the wrong number (tel) confundirse de número, equivocarse de número

to get (hold of) the wrong end of the stick coger el rábano por las hojas

to get somebody wrong malinterpretar a alguien

to get something wrong equivocarse, no acertar

to go down the wrong hole/way atragantarse

to go wrong (things in general) salir mal 2 (make a mistake) equivocarse 3 (go wrong way) equivocarse de camino; (machine, device) romperse, estropearse; (plan) fallar, fracasar

to right a wrong deshacer un entuerto

two wrongs don't make a right no se subsana un error cometiendo otro

wrong side out al revés

you can't go wrong (giving directions) no tiene pérdida

wrong ['rɔŋ] vt, wronged ; wronging : ofender, ser injusto con

wrong adv

: mal, incorrectamente

wrong adj, wronger ['rɔŋər] ; wrongest ['rɔŋəst]

1) evil, sinful: malo, injusto, inmoral

2) improper, unsuitable: inadecuado, inapropiado, malo

3) incorrect: incorrecto, erróneo, malo

a wrong answer: una mala respuesta

4)

to be wrong : equivocarse, estar equivocado

wrong n

1) injustice: injusticia f, mal m

2) offense: ofensa f, agravio m (en derecho)

3)

to be in the wrong : haber hecho mal, estar equivocado

wrong

v.

• agraviar v.

• injuriar v.

• ofender v.

adj.

• desacertado, -a adj.

• equivocado, -a adj.

• erróneo, -a adj.

• incorrecto, -a adj.

• inexacto, -a adj.

• injusto, -a adj.

• mal adj.

adv.

• injustamente adv.

• mal adv.

n.

• agravio s.m.

• daño s.m.

• entuerto s.m.

• error s.m.

• injuria s.f.

• injusticia s.f.

• mal s.m.

• perjuicio s.m.

• sinrazón s.m.

• tuerto s.m.

I rɔːŋ, rɒŋ
adjective

1)

a) (incorrect, inappropriate)< answer> equivocado

the answer is wrong — la respuesta está mal or equivocada, la respuesta es incorrecta or (frml) errónea

the time given in the newspaper was wrong — la hora que salió en el periódico estaba mal

you've given me the wrong change — se ha equivocado al darme el cambio

we've taken the wrong bus — nos hemos equivocado de autobús

he went in the wrong direction — tomó or (esp Esp) cogió para dónde no debía

my food went down the wrong way — la comida se me fue por el otro lado (fam)

I did it the wrong way — lo hice mal

you're in the wrong job, you should be a painter — te has equivocado de oficio, deberías ser pintor

this is the wrong time to mention the subject — éste no es (el) momento oportuno para mencionar el tema

it's the wrong time of year for cherries — no es época de cerezas

she always says the wrong thing — siempre dice lo que no debe

the picture is the wrong way up — el cuadro está al revés

I'm the wrong person to ask — no soy la persona indicada para contestar esa pregunta

b) ( mistaken) (pred)

to be wrong — estar* equivocado

he was wrong about the date — estaba equivocado respecto de la fecha

I was wrong about her — la había juzgado mal

2) ( morally)

stealing is wrong — robar está mal

I was wrong to abandon him — hice mal en dejarlo

you were wrong to shout at her like that — no debiste haberle gritado así, estuviste mal en gritarle así

I haven't done anything wrong — no he hecho nada malo

there's nothing wrong with a drink now and then — tomarse una copa de vez en cuando no tiene nada de malo

what's wrong with that? — ¿qué hay de malo en eso?

3) ( amiss) (pred)

what's wrong? — ¿qué pasa?

what's wrong with you? — ¿qué te pasa?, ¿qué tienes?

there's something wrong with her — algo le pasa

something's wrong with the lock — la cerradura no anda bien, algo le pasa a la cerradura

there's nothing wrong with your heart — su corazón está perfectamente bien

4) ( reverse)

the wrong side — el revés

II

adverb < answer> mal, incorrectamente

I assume you're paying - well, you assume wrong — imagino que pagas tú - pues estás en un error or te equivocas

I did it all wrong — lo hice todo mal

to get something wrong: you've got your facts wrong estás mal informado; you've got it all wrong: we're trying to help you no has entendido nada: estamos tratando de ayudarte; to get somebody wrong (colloq): I got him all wrong me equivoqué totalmente con él; don't get me wrong no me malinterpretes; to go wrong \<\<machinery\>\> estropearse, descomponerse* (AmL); \<\<plans\>\> salir* mal, fallar; it's straight ahead, you can't go wrong siga derecho, no se puede perder or (Esp tb) no tiene pérdida; he began to go wrong at college — en la universidad empezó a ir por mal camino

III

noun

a) u c ( immoral action) mal m; ( injustice) injusticia f

to know right from wrong — saber* distinguir entre el bien y el mal

in her eyes he can do no wrong — para ella, es incapaz de hacer nada malo

to be in the wrong —: estar* equivocado

two wrongs don't make a right — con un error no se subsana otro

b) c ( Law) agravio m

IV

transitive verb (frml)

she had been wronged by her family — su familia había sido muy injusta con ella

[rɒŋ]
1. ADJ

1) (morally) (=bad) malo; (=unfair) injusto

it's wrong to steal, stealing is wrong — robar está mal

• there's nothing wrong in that — no hay nada malo en eso

• that was very wrong of you — ahí or en eso has hecho muy mal

• you were wrong to do that — hacer eso estuvo mal por tu parte

• what's wrong with a drink now and again? — ¿qué tiene de malo tomarse una copa de vez en cuando?

there's nothing wrong with that — no hay nada malo en eso

2) (=incorrect, mistaken) [answer] incorrecto; [calculation, belief] equivocado

the wrong answer — la respuesta incorrecta

he made a number of wrong assumptions — se equivocó al hacer ciertas suposiciones

to be wrong — [person] equivocarse, estar equivocado

that is wrong — eso no es exacto or cierto

the information they gave us was wrong — la información que nos dieron era incorrecta

• you're wrong about that — ahí or en eso estás equivocado

• that clock is wrong — ese reloj anda or marcha mal

• the letter has the wrong date on it — la carta tiene la fecha equivocada

• you've opened the packet at the wrong end — has abierto el paquete por el lado que no es, has abierto el paquete al revés

• I was wrong in thinking that... — me equivoqué al pensar que...

• I'm in the wrong job — tengo un puesto que no me conviene

• he's got the wrong kind of friends — no tiene los amigos apropiados

that's the wrong kind of plug — se necesita otro tipo de enchufe

• she married the wrong man — se equivocó al casarse con él

• to play a wrong note — tocar una nota falsa

• you have the wrong number — (Telec) se ha equivocado de número

• it's the wrong one — no es el/la que hace falta

• I think you're talking to the wrong person — creo que no es conmigo con quien debería hablar

• it's in the wrong place — está mal situado, está mal colocado

• is this the wrong road? — ¿nos habremos equivocado de camino?

• wrong side — [of cloth] revés m, envés m

he was driving on the wrong side (of the road) — iba por el carril contrario

• to say/do the wrong thing — decir/hacer algo inoportuno

• at the wrong time — inoportunamente

• we were on the wrong train — nos habíamos equivocado de tren

• the wrong way round — al revés

to go the wrong way — (on route) equivocarse de camino

that's the wrong way to go about it — esa no es la forma de enfocarlo

a piece of bread went down the wrong way — se me fue un pedazo de pan por el otro camino or por el camino viejo
rub up
3) (=amiss)

is anything or something wrong? — ¿pasa algo?

what's wrong? — ¿qué pasa?

what's wrong with you? — ¿qué te pasa?

what's wrong with the car? — ¿qué le pasa al coche?

nothing's wrong, there's nothing wrong — no pasa nada

there's nothing wrong with it/him — no le pasa nada

something's wrong, there's something wrong — hay algo mal or que no está bien

there's something wrong with my lights, something's wrong with my lights — algo les pasa a mis faros

something was very wrong — había algo que no iba nada bien

4)

to be wrong in the head * — estar chiflado *

2.

ADV mal

• to answer wrong — contestar mal, contestar incorrectamente

• you did wrong to insult him — hiciste mal en insultarle

• you're doing it all wrong — lo estás haciendo todo mal

• you've done it wrong — lo has hecho mal

• to get sth wrong — equivocarse en algo

the accountant got his sums wrong * — el contable se equivocó al hacer las cuentas

don't get me wrong * — no me malinterpretes

you've got it all wrong * — (=misunderstood) no has entendido nada

• to go wrong — [person] (on route) equivocarse de camino; (in calculation) equivocarse; (morally) ir por el mal camino; [plan] salir mal, malograrse (Peru), cebarse (Mex) *; (Mech) fallar, estropearse

the robbery went wrong and they got caught — el atraco fracasó y los pillaron

something went wrong with the gears — las marchas empezaron a funcionar mal

something went wrong with their plans — algo falló en sus planes

you can't go wrong — (with choice) no te equivocarás, puedes estar seguro ( with con); (in directions) no tiene pérdida

well, in that case you thought wrong — bueno, en ese caso pensaste mal

3.

N mal m

• to do sb a wrong — hacer mal a algn

he can do no wrong — es incapaz de hacer mal a nadie

he did her wrong — se portó mal con ella

• to be in the wrong — (=guilty) obrar mal; (=mistaken) estar equivocado

to put sb in the wrong — dejar en mal lugar a algn, poner en evidencia a algn

• to right a wrong — deshacer un agravio, acabar con un abuso

- two wrongs don't make a right
right 3., 1)
4.

VT ser injusto con

you wrong me — eso no es justo

to feel that one has been wronged — sentirse agraviado

* * *

I [rɔːŋ, rɒŋ]
adjective

1)

a) (incorrect, inappropriate)< answer> equivocado

the answer is wrong — la respuesta está mal or equivocada, la respuesta es incorrecta or (frml) errónea

the time given in the newspaper was wrong — la hora que salió en el periódico estaba mal

you've given me the wrong change — se ha equivocado al darme el cambio

we've taken the wrong bus — nos hemos equivocado de autobús

he went in the wrong direction — tomó or (esp Esp) cogió para dónde no debía

my food went down the wrong way — la comida se me fue por el otro lado (fam)

I did it the wrong way — lo hice mal

you're in the wrong job, you should be a painter — te has equivocado de oficio, deberías ser pintor

this is the wrong time to mention the subject — éste no es (el) momento oportuno para mencionar el tema

it's the wrong time of year for cherries — no es época de cerezas

she always says the wrong thing — siempre dice lo que no debe

the picture is the wrong way up — el cuadro está al revés

I'm the wrong person to ask — no soy la persona indicada para contestar esa pregunta

b) ( mistaken) (pred)

to be wrong — estar* equivocado

he was wrong about the date — estaba equivocado respecto de la fecha

I was wrong about her — la había juzgado mal

2) ( morally)

stealing is wrong — robar está mal

I was wrong to abandon him — hice mal en dejarlo

you were wrong to shout at her like that — no debiste haberle gritado así, estuviste mal en gritarle así

I haven't done anything wrong — no he hecho nada malo

there's nothing wrong with a drink now and then — tomarse una copa de vez en cuando no tiene nada de malo

what's wrong with that? — ¿qué hay de malo en eso?

3) ( amiss) (pred)

what's wrong? — ¿qué pasa?

what's wrong with you? — ¿qué te pasa?, ¿qué tienes?

there's something wrong with her — algo le pasa

something's wrong with the lock — la cerradura no anda bien, algo le pasa a la cerradura

there's nothing wrong with your heart — su corazón está perfectamente bien

4) ( reverse)

the wrong side — el revés

II

adverb < answer> mal, incorrectamente

I assume you're paying - well, you assume wrong — imagino que pagas tú - pues estás en un error or te equivocas

I did it all wrong — lo hice todo mal

to get something wrong: you've got your facts wrong estás mal informado; you've got it all wrong: we're trying to help you no has entendido nada: estamos tratando de ayudarte; to get somebody wrong (colloq): I got him all wrong me equivoqué totalmente con él; don't get me wrong no me malinterpretes; to go wrong \<\<machinery\>\> estropearse, descomponerse* (AmL); \<\<plans\>\> salir* mal, fallar; it's straight ahead, you can't go wrong siga derecho, no se puede perder or (Esp tb) no tiene pérdida; he began to go wrong at college — en la universidad empezó a ir por mal camino

III

noun

a) u c ( immoral action) mal m; ( injustice) injusticia f

to know right from wrong — saber* distinguir entre el bien y el mal

in her eyes he can do no wrong — para ella, es incapaz de hacer nada malo

to be in the wrong —: estar* equivocado

two wrongs don't make a right — con un error no se subsana otro

b) c ( Law) agravio m

IV

transitive verb (frml)

she had been wronged by her family — su familia había sido muy injusta con ella

English-spanish dictionary > wrong
6 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
7 out

adj. dış, dışarıdaki, uzaktaki, modası geçmiş, olanaksız, işe yaramaz, muhalefet
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adv. dışarı, dışarıya, dışarıda, uzakta, açıkta, bitmiş, kalmamış, çıkmış, yeni çıkmış, açığa çıkmış, yüksek sesle, sesli olarak, modası geçmiş, eskimiş, yıpranmış, pratiğini yitirmiş, sönmüş, bozulmuş, eksik, grevde, hatalı
————————
interj. dışarı, defol, çık dışarı
————————
n. atlanmış sözcük, aut, çizgi dışı, çözüm, kurtuluş, çıkar yol, çıkış
————————
prep. daha iyi, daha çok, fazla, büyük, aşkın
————————
v. dışarı çıkarmak, çıkarmak, dışarı atmak, kovmak, nakavt etmek

* * *
dışarı
* * *
1.
1) (adverb, adjective not in a building etc; from inside a building etc; in(to) the open air: The children are out in the garden; They went out for a walk.) dışarı, dışarda, dışarıya

2) ( adverb from inside (something): He opened the desk and took out a pencil.) dışarı, dışarıya

3) (adverb, adjective away from home, an office etc: We had an evening out; The manager is out.) dışarı, dışarda, dışarı çıkmış

4) (adverb, adjective far away: The ship was out at sea; He went out to India.) uzakta, uzağa

5) ( adverb loudly and clearly: He shouted out the answer.) yüksek sesle, bağırarak?

6) ( adverb completely: She was tired out.) tamamen, iyice

7) (adverb, adjective not correct: My calculations seem to be out.) hatalı

8) (adverb, adjective free, known, available etc: He let the cat out; The secret is out.) biliniyor, açığa çıkmış

9) (adverb, adjective (in games) having been defeated: The batsman was (caught) out.) oyun dışı

10) (adverb, adjective on strike: The men came out in protest.) grevde

11) (adverb, adjective no longer in fashion: Long hair is definitely out.) modası geçmiş

12) (adverb, adjective (of the tide) with the water at or going to its lowest level: The tide is (going) out.) alçalmış, alçalıyor

13) ( adjective unacceptable: That suggestion is definitely out.) imkânsız
2. as part of a word
1) (not inside or near, as in out-lying.) içte ya da yakın değil

2) (indicating outward movement, as in outburst.) dışa doğru hareket

3) (indicating that the action goes further or beyond a normal action, as in outshine.) Not: işin olağan sınırları geçtiğini gösterir.

•

- outer
- outermost
- outing
- outward
- outwardly
- outwards
- out-and-out
- out-of-date
- out-of-pocket
- be out of pocket
- out of print
- out of sight
- out of sight, out of mind
- out-of-the-way
- be out for
- be out to
- out of
- out of doors
- out of it
- out of order
- out of the way
- out of this world
- out of work

English-Turkish dictionary > out
8 plan

мен. план; проект; програма

заздалегідь розроблена, підготовлена менеджментом (management²) програма дій, процедур тощо, за якою передбачають виконання організаційних цілей, завдань, обсягу роботи і т. ін.

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action plan план заходів; advertising plan план реклами • рекламний план • план рекламної кампанії; allocation plan план розподілу чого-небудь; alternative plan варіант плану • альтернативний план; amended plan уточнений план; annual plan річний план; appraisal plan система оцінювання; approved plan затверджений план; assistance plan план допомоги; balanced plan збалансований план; basic plan основний план • опорний план; bonus plan система заохочення • система заохочувальних винагород; brand plan план випуску марки • план випуску марочного товару; budget plan кошторисний план; business plan комерційний план • бізнес-план • план ділової активності; business-building plan план розширення діяльності; business-portfolio plan план розвитку сфери діяльності; campaign plan план рекламної кампанії; capacity plan план підвищення продуктивності • план розвитку виробничої потужності; capital investment plan план капіталовкладень; capital spending plan програма капіталовкладень; coherent plan послідовний план • внутрішньо скоординований план; combined plan поєднаний план; communications plan план комунікації; company-wide plan загальнофірмовий план; compensation plan програма відшкодовування; complete plan комплексний план; comprehensive plan комплексний план; concrete plan конкретний план; consumption plan план споживання; contingent consumption plan умовний план споживання; coordinated plan координований план; copy plan структура тексту; cost finding plan система калькуляційних відомостей; counter plan зустрічний план; coupon plan купонна програма; creative plan творчий план; credit plan кредитний план; current plan поточний план; daily plan добовий план • план на добу; decision plan схема прийняття рішень; delivery plan план постачання; departmental plan план відділу; development plan план розвитку; differential time plan почасово-прогресивна система заробітної плати; distribution plan план розподілу; draft plan проект плану; economic plan економічний план • господарський план; editorial plan редакційний план; elaborate plan старанно продуманий план; emergency plan план на випадок надзвичайних обставин • план на непередбачені випадки; employment plan програма забезпечення зайнятості; export plan план експорту; export-import plan план експорту-ім-порту товарів; family assistance plan програма допомоги багатодітним родинам; feasible plan допустимий план (у задачах лінійного програмування); financial plan фінансовий план; financing plan план фінансування; fixed plan твердий план • встановлений план; food stamp plan програма харчових купонів; formal plan формальний план; general plan загальний план; health insurance plan план медичного страхування; housing development plan програма житлового будівництва; implementation plan план здійснення наміченого; import plan план імпорту; initial plan вихідний план; inspection plan план інспекції • план приймального контролю; instalment plan план купівлі на виплат; integrated plan комплексний план; introductory plan ввідний план • план виходу на ринок; investment plan програма капіталовкладень; layaway plan відкладання і сплачування товару на виплат; lease plan план оренди; long-range plan перспективний план • довгостроковий план; long-term plan перспективний план • довгостроковий план; management plan план організаційної діяльності; market plan план роботи на ринку • план ринкової діяльності; marketing plan план збуту • план маркетингу; master plan генеральний план • зведений план; media plan план застосування засобів реклами • медіа-план; medium-term plan середньостроковий план; multistage plan багатоетапний план; multiple-time plan відрядно-прогресивна система заробітної плати; national plan національний план; national economic plan народногосподарський план; national media plan план застосування загальнонаціональних засобів реклами; objectionable plan неприйнятний план; on-going plan поточний план • план, який здійснюється в поточний період; operating plan виробничий план • оперативний фінансовий план; operational plan оперативний план; optimal plan оптимальний план; organization plan схема організаційної структури; organizational plan організаційний план • організаційна структура; outline plan схематичний план; output plan план випуску продукції; overall plan всеосяжний план; package plan комплексний план • пакет заходів • комплекс заходів; pay plan порядок виплати зарплати; payment plan план виплати; payout plan схема виплати; pension plan система пенсійного забезпечення; practicable plan здійсненний план; preliminary plan попередній план; procurement plan план закупівлі; product plan план виробництва товару • план випуску товару; product promotion plan план просування товару; production plan виробничий план; profit plan заходи для отримання прибутку; profit-sharing plan система участі в прибутках; projected plan план на майбутнє; promotion plan план стимулювання збуту • план стимулювання; provisional plan тимчасовий план; publicity plan план популяризації • рекламний план; purchase plan план закупівлі; quality assurance plan програма забезпечення якості продукції; quarterly plan квартальний план; recruitment plan план набору персоналу; research plan план досліджень; retirement plan план пенсійного забезпечення • пенсійна програма; revised plan переглянутий план; rough plan приблизний план • орієнтовний план; sales plan план збуту; sales promotion plan план стимулювання збуту; sampling plan програма вибіркового обстеження • план вибіркового контролю; short-range plan короткостроковий план; short-term plan короткостроковий план; spending plan програма витрат; stowage plan план розміщення вантажу в вантажних приміщеннях судна; strategic plan стратегічний план; summary plan зведений план; supply plan план постачання; support plan план допомоги; survey plan план обстеження; systematic plan комплексний план; tactical plan тактичний план; target profit plan заходи для отримання цільового прибутку; technical plan технічний план; trial-use plan пробне вживання товару; turnover plan план обороту; unacceptable plan неприйнятний план; underestimated plan нереальний план; wage plan система заробітної плати; workable plan здійсненний план; working plan робочий план; yearly plan річний план; zone plan зональний план

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according to plan згідно з планом • за планом • відповідно до плану; plan for expansion програма розвитку; plan of action план дій; plan of distribution план розподілу • план розміщення; plan of operation план роботи; to abandon a plan відмовлятися/відмовитися від плану • скасовувати/скасувати план; to adhere to a plan дотримуватися/дотриматися плану • додержуватися/додержатися плану; to adjust a plan вивіряти/вивірити план • коригувати/відкоригувати план; to approve a plan затверджувати/затвердити план; to carry out a plan виконувати/ виконати план; to coordinate plans координувати/скоординувати плани; to draw up a plan упорядковувати/упорядкувати план • накреслювати/накреслити план; to elaborate onaplan розробляти/розробити план; to execute a plan виконувати/ виконати план; to finance a plan фінансувати план; to fund a plan фінансувати план; to go ahead with plans реалізовувати/реалізувати план; to implement a plan виконувати/виконати план; to incorporate in a plan включати/включити в план; to interfere with plans розладнувати/розладнати плани; to launch a plan братися/взятися за виконання плану; to make plans складати/скласти плани; to negotiate a plan обговорювати/обговорити план; to offer a plan пропонувати/запропонувати план; to outline a plan накреслювати/накреслити план; to prepare a plan готувати/підготувати план; to propose a plan пропонувати/запропонувати план; to put forward a plan висувати/висунути план; to reconsider a plan переглядати/переглянути план; to refine a plan уточнювати/уточнити план; to revise a plan переглядати/переглянути план; to spoil plans розладнувати/розладнати плани; to submit a plan подавати/подати план на розгляд; to work out a plan розробляти/розробити план

The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > plan
9 plan

1. n

1) план, программа

2) проект

3) план, схема

- action plan
- adaptation plan
- additional plan
- advertisement plan
- advertising plan
- allocation plan
- amended plan
- annual plan
- approved plan
- assistance plan
- balanced plan
- basic plan
- bonus plan
- borrowing plan
- buffer stock plan
- bungled plan
- business plan
- capacity plan
- capital investment plan
- capital spending plan
- cargo plan
- cash profit sharing plan
- coherent plan
- combined plan
- common plan
- complete plan
- comprehensive plan
- concrete plan
- consolidated financial plan
- consumption plan
- contingency plan
- conversion plan
- coordinated plan
- cost accounting plan
- cost finding plan
- counter plan
- credit plan
- cropping plan
- currency plan
- currency receipt plan
- current plan
- daily plan
- delivery plan
- development plan
- dividend reinvestment plan
- dividend rollover plan
- draft plan
- economic plan
- elaborate plan
- employee profit sharing plan
- employee stock ownership plan
- employer retirement plan
- employment plan
- enterprise plan
- environmental action plan
- export plan
- extra plan
- family assistance plan
- feasible plan
- finance plan
- financial plan
- financial incentive plan
- financing plan
- fixed plan
- front-end load plan
- general plan
- general building plan
- general work plan
- government's tax plans
- health insurance plan
- housing development plan
- implementation plan
- import plan
- income plan
- inspection plan
- installment plan
- interlocking cost plan
- investment plan
- issue plan
- loading plan
- long-range plan
- long-term plan
- management plan
- marketing plan
- master plan
- medium-term plan
- multiple time plan
- multistage plan
- national economic plan
- objectionable plan
- operating plan
- operational plan
- optimal plan
- organization plan
- organizing plan
- output plan
- overall plan
- package plan
- packaged mortgage plan
- pay plan
- pay-as-you-go plan
- payroll savings plan
- pension plan
- periodic average inventory plan
- perspective plan
- piece rate plan
- practicable plan
- preliminary plan
- private equity plan
- procurement plan
- production plan
- profit plan
- profit-sharing plan
- projected plan
- promotional plan
- purchase plan
- qualification plan
- quality assurance plan
- quarterly plan
- quota plan
- recapitalization plan
- redemption plan
- rescheduling plan
- rescue plan
- research plan
- restructuring plan
- retirement plan
- revised plan
- revitalization plan
- rough plan
- selective driver plan
- sales plan
- sample plan
- sampling plan
- sequential sampling plan
- short-range plan
- short-term plan
- single-sample plan
- site plan
- slack plan
- specific cost inventory plan
- spending plan
- staff retirement plan
- standard cost inventory plan
- state plan
- stock option plan
- stowage plan
- summary plan
- supply plan
- support plan
- tax-sheltered annuity plan
- technical development plan
- time-off plan
- tonnage plan
- turnover plan
- unacceptable plan
- underestimated plan
- understated plan
- unified accounts plan
- wage plan
- wage-incentive plan
- weighted average inventory plan
- workable plan
- yearly plan
- plan for a year
- plan of cash turnover
- plan of deliveries
- plan of development
- plan of distribution
- plan of diversification
- plan of measures
- plan of production and sales
- plan of reduction of production cost
- plan of reorganization
- plan of shipments
- plan of supplies
- above plan
- according to plan
- on a plan
- up to a plan
- abandon a plan
- adhere to a plan
- adjust a plan
- alter a plan
- approve a plan
- build plans
- carry out a plan
- change a plan
- coordinate plans
- deviate from a plan
- draw up a plan
- elaborate a plan
- execute a plan
- finance a plan
- fit into plans
- fulfil a plan
- fund a plan
- go ahead with one's plans
- implement a plan
- incorporate in a plan
- interfere with plans
- launch a plan
- make plans
- map up a plan
- modify a plan
- negotiate a plan
- offer a plan
- outline a plan
- overfulfil a plan
- prepare a plan
- project a plan
- propose a plan
- put forward a plan
- realize a plan
- reconsider a plan
- refine a plan
- revise a plan
- sanction a plan
- shape a plan
- spoil plans
- submit a plan
- tone down plans
- unfold a plan
- upset plans
- work out a plan
2. v

1) составлять план

2) проектировать

3) намереваться

- plan ahead

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > plan
10 on

on [ɒn]

sur ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(c), 1D (j) à ⇒ 1A (c), 1D (f), 1D (h), 1D (i), 1D (j), 1F (c), 1F (f) en ⇒ 1A (c), 1F (g) par rapport à ⇒ 1C (e) selon ⇒ 1D (d) de ⇒ 1F (d) allumé ⇒ 3 (a) ouvert ⇒ 3 (a) en marche ⇒ 3 (a) de garde ⇒ 3 (c) de service ⇒ 3 (c)

1 preposition

A.

(a) (specifying position) sur;

∎ the vase is on the shelf le vase est sur l'étagère;

∎ put it on the shelf mets-le sur l'étagère;

∎ on the floor par terre;

∎ on the ceiling au plafond;

∎ there are posters on the walls il y a des affiches aux ou sur les murs;

∎ there was blood on the walls il y avait du sang sur les murs;

∎ a coat was hanging on the hook un manteau était accroché à la patère;

∎ the post with the seagull on it le poteau sur lequel il y a la mouette;

∎ he has a ring on his finger il a une bague au doigt;

∎ to lie on one's back/side être allongé sur le dos/côté;

∎ on this side de ce côté;

∎ on the other side of the page de l'autre côté de la page;

∎ on page four à la quatrième page, à la page quatre;

∎ on the left/right à gauche/droite

(b) (indicating writing or painting surface) sur;

∎ I had nothing to write on je n'avais rien sur quoi écrire;

∎ red on a green background rouge sur un fond vert

(c) (indicating general location, area)

∎ he works on a building site il travaille sur un chantier;

∎ they live on a farm ils habitent une ferme;

∎ there's been an accident on the M1 il y a eu un accident sur la M1;

∎ room on the second floor chambre au second (étage);

∎ on Arran/the Isle of Wight sur Arran/l'île de Wight;

∎ on Corsica/Crete en Corse/Crète;

∎ on Majorca/Minorca à Majorque/Minorque

(d) (indicating part of body touched) sur;

∎ I kissed him on the cheek je l'ai embrassé sur la joue;

∎ someone tapped me on the shoulder quelqu'un m'a tapé sur l'épaule

(e) (close to)

∎ the village is right on the lake/sea le village est juste au bord du lac/de la mer

(f) (indicating movement, direction)

∎ the mirror fell on the floor la glace est tombée par terre;

∎ to climb on(to) a wall grimper sur un mur;

∎ they marched on the capital ils marchèrent sur la capitale;

∎ don't tread on it ne marchez pas dessus

B.

(a) (indicating thing carried) sur;

∎ I only had £10 on me je n'avais que 10 livres sur moi;

∎ she's got a gun on her elle est armée

(b) (indicating facial expression)

∎ he had a scornful smile on his face il affichait un sourire plein de mépris

C.

(a) (indicating purpose of money, time, effort spent) sur;

∎ I spent hours on that essay j'ai passé des heures sur cette dissertation;

∎ she spent £1,000 on her new stereo elle a dépensé 1000 livres pour acheter sa nouvelle chaîne hi-fi;

∎ to put money on a horse parier ou miser sur un cheval;

∎ what are you working on at the moment? sur quoi travaillez-vous en ce moment?

(b) (indicating activity undertaken)

∎ I am here on business je suis ici pour affaires;

∎ to be on strike être en grève;

∎ he's off on a trip to Brazil il part pour un voyage au Brésil;

∎ to go on safari faire un safari;

∎ she was sent on a course on l'a envoyée suivre des cours;

∎ I'm on nights next week je suis de nuit la semaine prochaine;

∎ he's on lunch/a break il est en train de déjeuner/faire la pause;

∎ she's been on the committee for years ça fait des années qu'elle siège au comité

(c) (indicating special interest, pursuit)

∎ she's keen on music elle a la passion de la musique;

∎ he's good on modern history il excelle en histoire moderne;

∎ she's very big on equal opportunities l'égalité des chances, c'est son cheval de bataille

(d) (indicating scale of activity)

∎ on a large/small scale sur une grande/petite échelle

(e) (compared with) par rapport à;

∎ imports are up/down on last year les importations sont en hausse/en baisse par rapport à l'année dernière;

∎ it's an improvement on the old system c'est une amélioration par rapport à l'ancien système

D.

(a) (about, on the subject of) sur;

∎ a book/film on the French Revolution un livre/film sur la Révolution française;

∎ we all agree on that point nous sommes tous d'accord sur ce point;

∎ I need some advice on a legal matter j'ai besoin de conseils sur un point légal;

∎ could I speak to you on a matter of some delicacy? pourrais-je vous parler d'une affaire assez délicate?;

∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui

(b) (indicating person, thing affected) sur;

∎ it has no effect on them cela n'a aucun effet sur eux;

∎ a tax on alcohol une taxe sur les boissons alcoolisées;

∎ try it on your parents essaie-le sur tes parents;

∎ the government must act on inflation le gouvernement doit prendre des mesures contre l'inflation;

∎ he has survived two attempts on his life il a échappé à deux tentatives d'assassinat;

∎ it's unfair on women c'est injuste envers les femmes;

∎ the joke's on you! c'est toi qui as l'air ridicule!

(c) (indicating cause of injury)

∎ I cut my finger on a piece of glass je me suis coupé le doigt sur un morceau de verre

(d) (according to) selon;

∎ everyone will be judged on their merits chacun sera jugé selon ses mérites;

∎ candidates are selected on their examination results les candidats sont choisis en fonction des résultats qu'ils ont obtenus à l'examen

(e) (indicating reason, motive for action)

∎ on impulse sur un coup de tête;

∎ the police acted on information from abroad la police est intervenue après avoir reçu des renseignements de l'étranger;

∎ I shall refuse on principle je refuserai par principe

(f) (included in, forming part of)

∎ your name isn't on the list votre nom n'est pas sur la liste;

∎ the books on the syllabus les livres au programme;

∎ on the agenda à l'ordre du jour

(g) (indicating method, system)

∎ they work on a rota system ils travaillent par roulement;

∎ reorganized on a more rational basis réorganisé sur une base plus rationnelle

(h) (indicating means of transport)

∎ on foot/horseback à pied/cheval;

∎ on the bus/train dans le bus/train;

∎ she arrived on the midday bus/train elle est arrivée par le bus/train de midi;

∎ on a bicycle à bicyclette

(i) (indicating instrument played)

∎ to play a tune on the flute jouer un air à la flûte;

∎ who's on guitar/on drums? qui est à la guitare/à la batterie?

(j) Radio

∎ , Television & Theatre I heard it on the radio/on television je l'ai entendu à la radio/à la télévision;

∎ it's the first time she's been on television c'est la première fois qu'elle passe à la télévision;

∎ what's on the other channel or side? qu'est-ce qu'il y a sur l'autre chaîne?;

∎ on stage sur scène

(k) (indicating where information is stored)

∎ it's all on computer tout est sur ordinateur;

∎ on file sur fichier

E.

INDICATING DATE, TIME ETC

∎ on the 6th of July le 6 juillet;

∎ on or about the 12th vers le 12;

∎ on Christmas Day le jour de Noël;

∎ I'll see her on Monday je la vois lundi;

∎ on Monday morning lundi matin;

∎ I don't work on Mondays je ne travaille pas le lundi;

∎ on a Monday morning in February un lundi matin (du mois) de février;

∎ on a fine day in June par une belle journée de juin;

∎ on time à l'heure;

∎ every hour on the hour à chaque heure;

∎ it's just on five o'clock il est cinq heures pile;

∎ just on a year ago (approximately) il y a près d'un an

F.

(a) (indicating source of payment)

∎ have a drink on me prenez un verre, c'est moi qui offre;

∎ the drinks are on me/the house! c'est ma tournée/la tournée du patron!;

∎ you can get it on the National Health ≃ c'est remboursé par la Sécurité sociale

(b) (indicating source or amount of income)

∎ to live on one's private income/a student grant vivre de ses rentes/d'une bourse d'études;

∎ you can't live on such a low wage on ne peut pas vivre avec des revenus aussi modestes;

∎ familiar they're on the dole or on unemployment benefit ils vivent du chômage ou des allocations de chômage^□ ;

∎ to retire on a pension of £5,000 a year prendre sa retraite avec une pension de 5000 livres par an

(c) (indicating source of power) à;

∎ it works on electricity ça marche à l'électricité

(d) (indicating source of nourishment) de;

∎ they live on cereals ils se nourrissent de céréales;

∎ we dined on oysters and champagne nous avons dîné d'huîtres et de champagne

(e) (indicating drugs, medicine prescribed)

∎ is she on the pill? est-ce qu'elle prend la pilule?;

∎ I'm still on antibiotics je suis toujours sous antibiotiques;

∎ the doctor put her on tranquillizers le médecin lui a prescrit des tranquillisants;

∎ he's on insulin/heroin il prend de l'insuline/de l'héroïne;

∎ he's on drugs il se drogue;

∎ familiar figurative what's he on? il se sent bien?

(f) (at the same time as) à;

∎ he'll deal with it on his return il s'en occupera à son retour;

∎ looters will be shot on sight les pillards seront abattus sans sommation;

∎ on the death of his mother à la mort de sa mère;

∎ on my first/last visit lors de ma première/dernière visite;

∎ on the count of three à trois

(g) (with present participle) en;

∎ on hearing the news en apprenant la nouvelle;

∎ on completing the test candidates should… quand ils auront fini l'examen les candidats devront…

2 adverb

(a) (in place)

∎ the lid wasn't on le couvercle n'était pas mis;

∎ put the top back on afterwards remets le capuchon ensuite

(b) (referring to clothes)

∎ why have you got your gloves on? pourquoi as-tu mis tes gants?;

∎ the woman with the blue dress on la femme en robe bleue;

∎ what had she got on? qu'est-ce qu'elle portait?, comment était-elle habillée?;

∎ he's got nothing on il est nu

(c) (indicating continued action)

∎ to read on continuer à lire;

∎ the car drove on la voiture ne s'est pas arrêtée;

∎ they walked on ils poursuivirent leur chemin;

∎ from now or this moment or this time on désormais;

∎ from that day on à partir ou dater de ce jour;

∎ well on in years d'un âge avancé;

∎ earlier/later/further on plus tôt/tard/loin;

∎ on with the show! que le spectacle continue!

(d) (indicating activity)

∎ I've got a lot on this week je suis très occupé cette semaine;

∎ have you got anything on tonight? tu fais quelque chose ce soir?

(e) (functioning, running)

∎ put or turn or switch the television on allume la télévision;

∎ turn the tap on ouvre le robinet;

∎ the lights had been left on les lumières étaient restées allumées;

∎ the tap had been left on le robinet était resté ouvert;

∎ the car had its headlights on les phares de la voiture étaient allumés

(f) (in betting)

∎ I have a bet on j'ai fait un pari

(g) familiar (idiom)

∎ to be or go on about sth parler de qch sans arrêt^□ ;

∎ he's on about his new car again le voilà reparti sur sa nouvelle voiture;

∎ what's she on about? qu'est-ce qu'elle raconte?;

∎ he's always on about the war/teenagers il n'arrête pas de déblatérer sur la guerre/les adolescents;

∎ my parents are always on at me about my hair mes parents n'arrêtent pas de m'embêter avec mes cheveux;

∎ I've been on at them for months to get it fixed cela fait des mois que je suis sur leur dos pour qu'ils le fassent réparer

3 adjective

(a) (working → electricity, light, radio, TV) allumé; (→ gas, tap) ouvert; (→ engine, machine) en marche; (→ handbrake) serré; (→ alarm) enclenché;

∎ the radio was on very loud la radio hurlait;

∎ make sure the switches are in the "on" position vérifiez que les interrupteurs sont sur (la position) "marche";

∎ the "on" button le bouton de mise en marche

(b) (happening, under way)

∎ to be on (actor) être en scène;

∎ we're on in ten minutes c'est à nous dans dix minutes;

∎ there's a conference on next week il y a une conférence la semaine prochaine;

∎ the meeting is on right now la réunion est en train de se dérouler;

∎ the match is still on (on TV) le match n'est pas terminé; (going ahead) le match n'a pas été annulé;

∎ it's on at the local cinema ça passe au cinéma du quartier;

∎ the play was on for weeks la pièce a tenu l'affiche pendant des semaines;

∎ your favourite TV programme is on tonight il y a ton émission préférée à la télé ce soir;

∎ there's nothing good on (on TV, radio) il n'y a rien de bien;

∎ is the party still on? est-ce que la soirée se fait toujours?;

∎ is our deal still on? est-ce que notre affaire tient toujours?;

∎ the kettle's on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;

∎ hurry up, your dinner's on dépêche-toi, ton dîner va être prêt

(c) (on duty → in hospital, surgery) de garde; (→ in shop, administration) de service;

∎ I'm on at three o'clock, then off at nine o'clock je commence à trois heures et je finis à neuf heures

(d) (in betting)

∎ the odds are twenty to one on la cote est de vingt contre un

(e) familiar (unacceptable)

∎ such behaviour just isn't on! une telle conduite est tout à fait inadmissible!^□ ;

∎ British it's not on! ça va pas du tout!

(f) familiar (feasible, possible)

∎ we'll never be ready by tomorrow, it just isn't on nous ne serons jamais prêts pour demain, c'est tout bonnement impossible

(g) familiar (in agreement)

∎ are you still on for dinner tonight? ça marche toujours pour le dîner de ce soir?;

∎ shall we say £10? - you're on! disons 10 livres? - d'accord ou tope là!;

∎ if you wash the dishes, I'll dry them - you're on! si tu fais la vaisselle, je l'essuie - ça marche!

(h) British familiar

∎ to be on (menstruating) avoir ses ragnagnas

4 on and off adverb

∎ we went out together on and off for a year on a eu une relation irrégulière pendant un an

5 on and on adverb

sans arrêt;

∎ he goes on and on about his minor ailments il nous rebat les oreilles avec ses petits problèmes de santé;

∎ the play dragged on and on la pièce n'en finissait plus

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > on
11 decision

n

решение

to accept a decision — соглашаться с решением; подчиняться решению

to adhere to a decision — придерживаться решения

to adjourn decision — откладывать принятие решения

to adopt decisions — принимать решения

to affirm a decision — подтверждать решение

to announce the decision — оглашать решение; объявлять о решении

to annul a decision — отменять решение

to appeal against smb's decision — обжаловать чье-л. решение

to approve a decision — одобрять решение

to arrive at a decision — принимать решение; приходить к решению

to back down from one's decision — отходить / отказываться от своего решения

to back up one's decision — подкреплять свое решение

to be split over a decision — придерживаться разных мнений по поводу какого-л. решения

to block a decision through a veto — блокировать принятие решения путем наложения вето

to bow to the chairman's decision — подчиняться решению председателя

to call off one's decision — отменять свое решение

to cancel a decision — отменять решение

to carry out a decision — выполнять решение

to challenge a decision — оспаривать решение

to come to a decision — принимать решение; приходить к решению

to comply with the decision — выполнять решение; подчиняться решению

to confirm a decision — подтверждать решение

to control the execution of decisions — проверять исполнение решений

to declare a decision null and void — объявлять решение не имеющим законной / юридической силы

to defend a decision — отстаивать решение

to defer a decision — откладывать принятие решения

to drag through / to force through a decision — протаскивать решение

to endorse a decision — одобрять решение

to enforce a decision — претворять / проводить решение в жизнь

to exercise a decision — выполнять решение

to force decisions — вынуждать принимать решения

to go back on a decision — аннулировать / отменять принятое решение

to implement a decision — выполнять решение; претворять решение в жизнь

to impose a decision on smb — навязывать кому-л. решение

to leave the matter to smb's decision — предоставлять кому-л. право принимать решение

to make a decision — принимать решение

to monitor smb's decision — следить за принятием кем-л. решений

to obey a decision — подчиняться решению

to overrule the lower court's decision — отменять решение суда низшей инстанции

to overturn a decision — аннулировать / отменять решение

to pass a decision — принимать решение

to postpone a decision — откладывать принятие решения

to put a decision into action — претворять решение в жизнь

to put off a decision — откладывать принятие решения

to reach a decision by a simple majority — принимать решение простым большинством ( голосов)

to reciprocate the government decision — отвечать на решение правительства принятием аналогичного решения

to recognize a decision — признавать решение; соглашаться с решением

to reconsider a previous decision — пересматривать ранее принятое решение

to relay smb's decision to smb — передавать чье-л. решение кому-л.

to render a decision — выносить / принимать решение, решать

to rescind a decision — аннулировать / отменять принятое решение

to reverse a previous decision — пересматривать ранее принятое решение

to review progress on a decision — проверять выполнение какого-л. решения

to revoke a decision — отменять решение

to revote one's decision — отменять свое решение

to rubberstamp decisions taken by smb — механически утверждать решения, принятые кем-л.

to shelve a decision — откладывать (в долгий ящик) принятие решения

to shirk a decision — уклоняться от принятия решения

to speed decisions — ускорять принятие решений

to stand behind / to support a decision — поддерживать решение

to suspend one's decision — откладывать принятие решения

to swing the decision one's way — добиваться решения вопроса в свою пользу

to take decisions behind closed doors — принимать решения при закрытых дверях

to take decisions on a majority basis — принимать решения большинством голосов

to take on-the-spot decisions — принимать решения на месте

to uphold a decision — утверждать решение

to veto a decision — накладывать вето на принятие решения

to welcome a decision — приветствовать решение

- adoption of a decision
- advisable decision
- agreed decision
- ambiguous decision
- arbitrary decision
- binding decision
- Brown decision
- collective decision
- compromise decision
- concerted decision
- constructive decision
- court decision
- crucial decision
- daring decision
- decision by secret ballot
- decision comes into effect
- decision goes against smb's interests
- decision has not come as a surprise
- decision in principle
- decision of massive significance
- decision of principle
- decision rests with the President
- decision will take effect from...
- decisions come down from on high
- decisions on crucial matters
- dramatic decision
- executive decision
- faulty decision
- favorable decision
- final decision
- forcible decision
- go-ahead decision
- grave decision
- hasty decision
- historical decision
- implementation of decisions
- in defiance of a decision
- irresponsible decision
- joint decision
- judicial decision
- judicial review of a decision
- legal decision
- majority decision
- managerial decision
- mandatory decision
- meritocratic decision
- momentous decision
- mutually acceptable decision
- narrow-minded decision
- optimal decision
- optimum decision
- pending a favorable decision
- policy decision
- political decision
- precipitous decision
- reversal of a decision
- sound decision
- strategic decision
- surprise decision
- tit-for-tat decision
- tough decision
- trade-off decision
- unacceptable decision
- unanimous decision
- unilateral decision
- unusual decision
- valid decision
- wise decision
- yes-no decision

Politics english-russian dictionary > decision
12 advertising

1. n рек., марк. рекламування; реклама; 2. рекламна діяльність; 3. рекламне оголошення; a рекламний

1. оплачене ідентифікованим спонсором поширення через ЗМІ інформації про товари, продукцію (product), послуги (service¹), ідеї, марки (brand), яка спрямована на цільову аудиторію (target audience) і покликана стимулювати попит на ці товари, послуги тощо; ♦ рекламування як один із компонентів маркетингу (marketing communication) поділяють на два основні види: рекламування для створення популярності організації (institutional advertising) і рекламування продукції (product advertising); 2. комерційна діяльність зі створення, розповсюдження та продажу реклами (advertisement); 3. рекламне оголошення (advertisement)

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above-the-line advertising реклама з агентською знижкою; accessory advertising допоміжна реклама; advance advertising попередня реклама; adversary advertising реклама, що протидіє; advocacy advertising рекламно-пропагандистська кампанія; airline advertising реклама авіакомпанії; aisle advertising реклама у проході між полицями в крамниці; annoying advertising подразлива реклама; audiovisual advertising аудіовізуальна реклама; auditory advertising акустична реклама • звукова реклама; auxiliary advertising допоміжна реклама; bait advertising спокуслива реклама; bait and switch advertising реклама із мерехтливою принадою; bank advertising банківська реклама; bargain-basement advertising реклама, яка пропонує товар за низькими цінами; below-the-line advertising рекламні замовлення, які не дають агентської знижки; beverage advertising реклама напоїв; billboard advertising щитова реклама; block advertising блокова реклама; borax advertising настирлива реклама; brand advertising рекламування марки • рекламування торговельної марки; brand image advertising реклама товарної марки; brand name advertising реклама торгової назви фірмової марки; broadcast advertising рекламування засобами радіо; burst advertising короткострокове раптове рекламування; business-to-business (B-B) advertising реклама для підприємств; cable advertising реклама на кабельному телебаченні; cause-and-issue advertising проблемна реклама • реклама, яка спрямована на суспільні проблеми; cinema advertising кінореклама; classified advertising реклама, згрупована у рубрики; commercial advertising торговельна реклама • комерційна реклама; commodity advertising рекламування товару; comparative advertising реклама, розрахована на дискредитацію товару конкурента; comparison advertising порівняльне рекламування; competitive advertising конкурентне рекламування; concept advertising реклама задуму • реклама ідеї; consumer advertising рекламування споживчих товарів • споживча реклама; contemporary advertising сучасна реклама; controversial advertising суперечлива реклама • дискусійна реклама; cooperative advertising спільне рекламування; corporate advertising рекламування організації • рекламування для створення популярності організації; corrective advertising реклама, яка виправляє помилкову інформацію або помилкове враження; coupon advertising купонна реклама; creative advertising творча реклама; crossruff advertising колективна реклама; current advertising поточне рекламування; deceptive advertising облудна реклама • реклама неякісних товарів • неправдива реклама; demonstration advertising наочна реклама • переконлива реклама; denigratory advertising ганебна реклама конкурентів • ганебна реклама; direct advertising пряме рекламування; direct-mail advertising пряма поштова реклама; directory advertising рекламні оголошення в довідниках; direct response advertising пряма поштова реклама; display advertising вітринно-виставкове рекламування; domestic advertising рекламування місцевих товарів; effective advertising ефективна реклама; endorsement advertising рекламування з підтримкою; entertaining advertising розважальна реклама; ethical advertising етичне рекламування; existing advertising поточна реклама; expensive advertising дорога реклама; eye-catching advertising яскрава реклама; factual advertising реклама, яка обґрунтована фактами; false advertising облудна реклама • неправдива реклама; fashion advertising реклама моди; film advertising кінореклама • реклама з допомогою кінофільмів; financial advertising фінансове рекламування; flexform advertising реклама довільної форми; follow-up advertising повторна реклама; food advertising реклама харчових продуктів; foreign advertising закордонна реклама; fraudulent advertising шахрайська реклама; free advertising безплатна реклама; front-page advertising реклама на титульній сторонці; general advertising реклама на широку публіку; generic advertising рекламування групи товарів; global advertising всесвітня реклама; government advertising реклама від імені урядових органів • урядова реклама; grocery advertising реклама бакалійно-гастрономічних товарів; graphic advertising графічне рекламування; group advertising групова реклама; hard-sell advertising наполегливе рекламування • агресивне рекламування; heavy advertising інтенсивна реклама; high-pressure advertising настійне рекламування • агресивне рекламування; house advertising власне рекламування фірми • внутрішньофірмове рекламування; hype-type advertising гучне рекламування; image advertising рекламування образу • рекламування іміджу; impact advertising спонукальна реклама; indirect advertising непряме рекламування; indirect-action advertising реклама непрямого впливу; industrial advertising промислове рекламування; inferior advertising неякісне рекламування; information advertising реклама, насичена інформацією • інформаційна реклама; in-house advertising власне рекламування фірми • внутрішньофірмове рекламування; initial advertising початкова реклама; innovative advertising новаторське рекламування; institutional advertising рекламування організації • рекламування для популяризації організації; international advertising міжнародне рекламування; interstate advertising рекламування для міжштатного розповсюдження; introductory advertising вступна реклама; investor-solicitation advertising рекламування для зацікавлення вкладників; issue advertising реклама, яка висвітлює суспільні проблеми; journal advertising рекламування в спеціалізованих виданнях • рекламування в журналах; keyed advertising шифроване рекламне оголошення; large-scale advertising великомасштабне рекламування; launch advertising упроваджувальна реклама • реклама впровадження товару • реклама, що оголошує про випуск нового товару; legal advertising правове рекламування; litter-bin advertising рекламування на сміттєвих урнах; local advertising місцеве рекламування; long-term advertising довгострокове рекламування; low-pressure advertising ненав'язливе рекламування; mail-order advertising рекламування торгівлі «товари поштою» • реклама, передана поштою; magazine advertising журнальне рекламування • рекламування в журналах; mail advertising рекламування поштою • реклама, передана поштою; mass advertising масове рекламування • реклама масового охоплення; mass media advertising рекламування в засобах масової інформації; misleading advertising оманливе рекламування • неправдиве рекламування; mobile advertising реклама на транспортних засобах; multimedia advertising рекламування, що користується кількома засобами масової інформації; multinational advertising багатонаціональна реклама; name advertising реклама назви • реклама-назва; national advertising національне рекламування; natural break advertising рекламування в перервах між програмами; newspaper advertising газетна реклама; novelty advertising рекламування новинок; objective advertising об'єктивне рекламування; offbeat advertising нешаблонне рекламування • оригінальне рекламування; off-season advertising рекламування в міжсезонні • позасезонне рекламування; on-target advertising цілеспрямоване рекламування; opinion advertising експертна реклама; oral advertising усне рекламування; outdoor advertising вулична реклама; out-of-home advertising надвірне рекламування; package advertising реклама на упаковці; packaged-goods advertising рекламування фасованих товарів; persuasive advertising переконливе рекламування; point-of-purchase advertising рекламування на місці продажу-купівлі; point-of-sale advertising рекламування на місці продажу-купівлі; political advertising політична реклама; position media advertising вуличне рекламування; postal advertising поштове рекламування; postcard advertising реклама на поштових картках; poster advertising плакатне рекламування • реклама за допомогою плакатів; postmark advertising реклама на поштовому штампі; premium advertising високоякісна реклама; prestige advertising престижне рекламування; price advertising реклама цін; primary advertising основне рекламування; print advertising друковане рекламування; private sector advertising рекламування приватного сектору; problem-solution advertising рекламування щодо розв'язання проблем; producer advertising реклама від імені виробників; product advertising рекламування продуктів; product-centred advertising реклама, яка робить наголос на товарі; product-comparison advertising реклама на основі порівняння товарів; professional advertising професійне рекламування; promotional advertising заохочувальне рекламування • реклама, що заохочує попит; radio advertising радіорекламування; recruitment advertising реклама вакансій; regional advertising районне рекламування • регіональне рекламування; regular advertising систематичне рекламування; reinforcement advertising підсилювальне рекламування; repeat advertising повторне рекламування; retail advertising рекламування роздрібної торгівлі; sales advertising рекламування для збуту; screen advertising екранне рекламування; seasonal advertising сезонне рекламування; selective advertising добірна реклама; semi-display advertising тематичне вітринно-виставкове рекламування; short-term advertising короткострокове рекламування; show-window advertising вітринне рекламування; sky advertising повітряне рекламування; soft-sell advertising ненастійне рекламування; space advertising ілюстративно-зображальне рекламування • зображальне рекламування; split-run advertising рекламування з розбиттям тиражу; spot advertising рекламування у вставці; still-life advertising натюрмортне рекламування; store advertising реклама крамниці; strategic advertising стратегічне рекламування; subliminal advertising рекламування, спрямоване на підсвідомість; successful advertising успішне рекламування; superior advertising реклама вищої якості; tactical advertising тактичне рекламування; target advertising цілеспрямоване рекламування; teaser advertising подразливе рекламування; tie-in advertising супровідна реклама; tombstone advertising коротке рекламне оголошення інформаційного характеру; trade advertising торгова реклама • рекламне оголошення в торговельному виданні; trademark advertising реклама торговельного знака; traditional advertising традиційне рекламування; transit advertising реклама на транспорті; truthful advertising правдива реклама; unacceptable advertising неприпустима реклама; unfair advertising несумлінне рекламування; untruthful advertising неправдива реклама; vertical cooperative advertising вертикальна спільна реклама; viewpoint advertising рекламування точки зору; visual advertising зорова реклама; vocational advertising реклама, розрахована на професіоналів; word-of-mouth advertising реклама, яка твориться споживачами • реклама з уст в уста; written advertising письмове рекламування; year-round advertising цілорічне рекламування; yellow-pages advertising; zero-based advertising реклама з нуля

═════════□═════════

advertising account рахунок за рекламу; advertising activities рекламна діяльність; advertising agency рекламне агентство; advertising agency network мережа рекламних агентств; advertising agent рекламний агент; advertising aids рекламні матеріали; advertising allowance знижка для компенсації витрат на рекламування; advertising and publicity реклама і пропаганда • реклама і популяризація; advertising appeal привабливість реклами • рекламна концепція; advertising budget кошторис на рекламування; advertising campaign рекламна кампанія; advertising consultant порадник з рекламування • консультант з рекламування; advertising contract рекламний контракт; advertising copy рекламний текст; advertising costs витрати на рекламу; advertising department рекламний відділ; advertising director директор рекламного підприємства; advertising effect вплив реклами; advertising effectiveness ефективність реклами; advertising effort рекламна діяльність; advertising expenses витрати на рекламу; advertising expert спеціаліст з реклами; advertising exposure рекламний контакт; advertising film рекламний фільм; advertising industry рекламна галузь; advertising literature рекламне видання • рекламні проспекти; advertising malpractice зловживання в галузі реклами; advertising manager керівник рекламного агентства; advertising material рекламний матеріал; advertising media засоби рекламування; advertising medium засіб рекламування; advertising price рекламна ціна; advertising profit прибуток з рекламування; advertising rate рекламна ставка; advertising registers рекламні довідники; advertising research дослідження у галузі рекламування; advertising revenue дохід з рекламування; advertising slogan рекламний слоган; advertising space місце на рекламу; advertising spot рекламна вставка на телебаченні або радіомовленні; advertising standards норми рекламування • стандарти рекламування; advertising standards authority орган стандартизації в галузі реклами; advertising value вартість реклами; advertising weight ефект реклами; to arrange advertising організувати рекламу; to do the advertising виготовляти/виготовити рекламу; to finance advertising фінансувати рекламу

advertising¹ ‡ A. four principles of marketing (386)

пр. publicity

▹▹ advertisement

▹▹ promotion¹

* * *

розміщення оголошень; розміщення реклами; рекламування

The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > advertising
13 leverage

•• Leverage 1. action or power of a lever. 2. power, influence (Oxford American Dictionary).

•• Это слово часто встречается в текстах на финансово-экономические темы и в политической публицистике. В первом случае, к сожалению, нет русского эквивалента, ясно и сжато передающего смысл соответствующего понятия. Специалисты поэтому используют заимствование – левередж или ливередж (британское произношение; Webster's Third New International Dictionary дает оба варианта произношения этого слова как равноправные). Приведу определение из оксфордского словаря A Dictionary of Finance: 1. Соотношение между основным и заемным капиталом (британский синоним – capital gearing). 2. Использование компанией собственных ограниченных активов для гарантии значительных займов, которые она берет, чтобы финансировать свою деятельность. На мой взгляд, проще всего говорить об использовании заемных средств. В политической периодике это слово употребляется в общепонятном, но отсутствующем в наших словарях значении рычаги (возможности) влияния или просто возможности: Washington began working through intermediaries, and Mrs. Albright stayed conspicuously absent from the Middle East to preserve her leverage (New York Times). – ...г-жа Олбрайт подчеркнуто воздерживалась от поездок на Ближний Восток, чтобы сохранить свои рычаги влияния.
•• * В «Моем несистематическом словаре» это слово рассматривается только как существительное. Между тем в последнее время оно все чаще употребляется как глагол, обычно в значении воспользоваться. Надо сказать, что существующие словари отражают, как правило, лишь значение этого глагола, используемое в бизнесе. Например, Cambridge Dictionary of American English: to use ( borrowed money) for investments, esp. in order to buy a large enough part of a business so that you can control it. Куда проще (грубее, пожалуй) определение в словаре Encarta: borrow money hoping to make more. В American Heritage Dictionary есть не относящееся к бизнесу, но не очень часто встречающееся значение: to improve or enhance:
•• “It makes more sense to be able to leverage what we [public radio stations] do in a more effective way to our listeners.” (Delano Lewis, San Francisco Chronicle, December 20, 1997)
•• Вот характерный пример употребления глагола to leverage:
•• On Tuesday, shortly after the Baghdad explosion, State Department officials began working on language for a U.N. resolution that would show respect for the victims of the bombing and the good works they were doing. The resolution would stress the need for more foreign contributions and improved security if the reconstruction mission advanced by the United Nations is to succeed. “Let’s leverage yesterday’s horrific events to emphasize our renewed commitment and what we really need to do,” said one State Department official, who said the central goal is to persuade reluctant countries such as India and Pakistan to provide peacekeeping troops. (Washington Post)
•• Впрочем, «что американцу хорошо, то французу (и не только ему) не очень»:
•• A French diplomat described the prospective U.S. move last night as a “ cynical” attempt to “ take advantage” of the suffering of U.N. staff members. One council official said that if the resolution simply asks for money and troops but delivers no significant sharing of authority in Iraq, the measure “will be unacceptable.”
•• Конечно, to take advantage тоже означает воспользоваться. Но поскольку оба слова употреблены в одной и той же статье по одному и тому же поводу, надо, чтобы читатель перевода «почувствовал разницу». Может быть, в первом случае (Let’s leverage yesterday’s horrific events – правду сказать, не очень удачно сказано) стоит чуть-чуть «подправить» говорящего:
•• Давайте отреагируем на ужасные события вчерашнего дня, еще раз подчеркнув нашу решимость сделать то, что необходимо.
•• А во втором случае приемлем вариант воспользоваться и даже сыграть на горе сотрудников ООН.
•• По менее грустному поводу – цитата из Philadelphia Inquirer:
•• They tapped nostalgia for the bygone Frog and Commissary restaurants. They leveraged sentiment by targeting preordered sales for Valentine’s Day.
•• To leverage sentiment – сыграть на чувствах клиентов (предложив им заранее заказать подарки к Дню Св. Валентина).
•• Еще один пример – c сайта www.pentagon.mil/news:
•• “They leveraged the complementary capabilities of two different arms of military forces,” Leaf said.
•• Здесь: умело использовали дополняющие друг друга возможности.

English-Russian nonsystematic dictionary > leverage
14 Denny, William

SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 25 May 1847 Dumbarton, Scotland

d. 17 March 1887 Buenos Aires, Argentina

[br]

Scottish naval architect and partner in the leading British scientific shipbuilding company.

[br]

From 1844 until 1962, the Clyde shipyard of William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton, produced over 1,500 ships, trained innumerable students of all nationalities in shipbuilding and marine engineering, and for the seventy-plus years of their existence were accepted worldwide as the leaders in the application of science to ship design and construction. Until the closure of the yard members of the Denny family were among the partners and later directors of the firm: they included men as distinguished as Dr Peter Denny (1821(?)–95), Sir Archibald Denny (1860–1936) and Sir Maurice Denny (1886– 1955), the main collaborator in the design of the Denny-Brown ship stabilizer.

One of the most influential of this shipbuilding family was William Denny, now referred to as William 3! His early education was at Dumbarton, then on Jersey and finally at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, before he commenced an apprenticeship at his father's shipyard. From the outset he not only showed great aptitude for learning and hard work but also displayed an ability to create good relationships with all he came into contact with. At the early age of 21 he was admitted a partner of the shipbuilding business of William Denny and Brothers, and some years later also of the associated engineering firm of Denny \& Co. His deep-felt interest in what is now known as industrial relations led him in 1871 to set up a piecework system of payment in the shipyard. In this he was helped by the Yard Manager, Richard Ramage, who later was to found the Leith shipyard, which produced the world's most elegant steam yachts. This research was published later as a pamphlet called The Worth of Wages, an unusual and forward-looking action for the 1860s, when Denny maintained that an absentee employer should earn as much contempt and disapproval as an absentee landlord! In 1880 he initiated an awards scheme for all company employees, with grants and awards for inventions and production improvements. William Denny was not slow to impose new methods and to research naval architecture, a special interest being progressive ship trials with a view to predicting effective horsepower. In time this led to his proposal to the partners to build a ship model testing tank beside the Dumbarton shipyard; this scheme was completed in 1883 and was to the third in the world (after the Admiralty tank at Torquay, managed by William Froude and the Royal Netherlands Navy facility at Amsterdam, under B.J. Tideman. In 1876 the Denny Shipyard started work with mild-quality shipbuilding steel on hulls for the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company, and in 1879 the world's first two ships of any size using this weight-saving material were produced: they were the Rotomahana for the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand and the Buenos Ayrean for the Allan Line of Glasgow. On the naval-architecture side he was involved in Denny's proposals for standard cross curves of stability for all ships, which had far-reaching effects and are now accepted worldwide. He served on the committee working on improvements to the Load Line regulations and many other similar public bodies. After a severe bout of typhoid and an almost unacceptable burden of work, he left the United Kingdom for South America in June 1886 to attend to business with La Platense Flotilla Company, an associate company of William Denny and Brothers. In March the following year, while in Buenos Aires, he died by his own hand, a death that caused great and genuine sadness in the West of Scotland and elsewhere.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland 1886. FRS Edinburgh 1879.

Bibliography

William Denny presented many papers to various bodies, the most important being to the Institution of Naval Architects and to the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland. The subjects include: trials results, the relation of ship speed to power, Lloyd's Numerals, tonnage measurement, layout of shipyards, steel in shipbuilding, cross curves of stability, etc.

Further Reading

A.B.Bruce, 1889, The Life of William Denny, Shipbuilder, London: Hodder \& Stoughton.

Denny Dumbarton 1844–1932 (a souvenir hard-back produced for private circulation by the shipyard).

Fred M.Walker, 1984, Song of the Clyde. A History of Clyde Shipbuilding, Cambridge: PSL.

FMW

Biographical history of technology > Denny, William

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